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ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tables next presented the yearly income of the families studied, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are considered. The table first submitted in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 286.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is included which reports income as "none."]

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Of 369 selected families, the greater proportion, or 55.6 per cent, have a total income of less than $750 per year, 29 per cent have $1,000 or over per year, and slightly more than 10 per cent have $1,500 or over. The proportions earning under $300 and under $500 yearly are small, being only 3.5 and 26.8 per cent, respectively. Smaller proportions of the native-born of native father than of the other nativity groups have a yearly income of less than $500, while the native-born of foreign father show smaller proportions having incomes under this amount than do the foreign-born. The nativeborn of foreign father show smaller proportions with yearly incomes under each specified amount above $500 than the native-born of native father, which group in turn shows smaller proportions under each amount than the foreign-born.

No families the heads of which are foreign-born Swedes have incomes under $500 per year, and the larger proportion of them have incomes of $1,000 or over per year, while more than 90 per cent of the families the heads of which are South Italian, 75.3 per cent of those whose heads are Magyars, and more than 50 per cent of those the heads of which are Welsh have incomes less than this amount. The families the heads of which are South Italian and Swedish show the largest and the smallest proportions, respectively, earning under each specified amount.

WIVES AT WORK.

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The tendency on the part of the wives of employees to engage occupations outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated by the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of wives at work:

TABLE 287.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

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a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. b Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of 364 wives reporting in the above table only a small proportion, or 1.1 per cent, are at work. Only wives in households the heads of which are foreign-born are reported as being at work, the proportion being only 1.4 per cent. As regards the wives of husbands of different foreign-born races who are at work only two races report in sufficient numbers to be computed, and in each instance the proportion is but slightly more than 3 per cent.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

It has been seen that only a very small proportion of the wives in the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion of the wives supplements the earnings of the heads by keeping boarders or lodgers. The extent to which this is done is indicated by the following tables, which show, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 288.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

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a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

b This column includes 4 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

c This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 289.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

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a This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the total number of wives reporting in the above table, 29.3 per cent work or keep boarders or lodgers. Over 50 per cent of wives whose husbands earn under $400 a year either work or keep boarders or lodgers, while the proportion of those at work or keeping boarders or lodgers decreases as the earnings of the husband increase. No wives whose husbands are native-born of native father and a much smaller proportion of the wives whose husbands are native-born of foreign father than of the wives of foreign-born husbands, are at work or keep boarders or lodgers.

Among the different foreign-born races a larger proportion of wives whose husbands are South Italians and a smaller proportion of those whose husbands are Swedish in each specified group, are at work or keep boarders or lodgers.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The sources of family income are shown in detail in the following table. The table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources.

TABLE 290.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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The foregoing table contains information from 368 families. seen that a very large proportion, or 94.6 per cent, have incomes from husband, 31.5 per cent from contributions of children, 28.5 per cent from boarders or lodgers, 12.2 per cent from other sources, while only 1.1 per cent have incomes from earnings of the wife. Comparing the families of the different nativity groups it is seen that all the families whose heads are native-born of native father have incomes from

husbands, and a somewhat less proportion of those whose heads are foreign-born or native-born of foreign father have incomes from the husband; but a much larger proportion of the families of the lastnamed nativity group have incomes from contributions of children and from other sources than either of the other groups. A considerable proportion of the families whose heads are foreign-born have incomes from boarders or lodgers, while none the heads of which are native-born of native father and only a small proportion families whose heads are native-born of foreign father do have such incomes. Of the families whose heads are foreign-born, all except the Swedish show more than 90 per cent having incomes from husband, and only the Swedish, and South Italian have families with income from the wife, and the proportions are small. More than 50 per cent of the families whose heads are Swedish and Welsh have incomes from the contributions of children, while the other races show a very much smaller proportion. A very much larger proportion of families with South Italian heads, and less than 10 per cent of those whose heads are Swedish have incomes from boarders or lodgers. The last-mentioned families show the largest and the South Italian families the smallest proportions having incomes from other sources.

In the following table, in which the sources of family income are again shown in detail, each source specified is exclusive of all other sources. In other words, the proportion of families appearing under each designated source have their entire income from that source: TABLE 291.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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