GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The present industrial condition of members of the households studied is exhibited by the two following tables, the first of which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied: TABLE 280.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the females 16 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 85.2 per cent are at home, 6.6 per cent are in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, 4.1 per cent are in employments not specified, 3.8 per cent are at school, and only 0.4 per cent are in domestic service. The proportion of females at home is largest for the foreignborn, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for native-born of native father. None of the foreign-born and a considerably larger proportion of the native-born of native father than of the native-born of foreign father are in employments not specified, and a much larger proportion of the native-born of native father and of the native-born of foreign father than of the foreignborn are employed in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. All of the Slovak females, and over 95 per cent of the females of every other foreign race for which the percentages are given, are at home. The proportion of females employed in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits is largest for the South Italians, Magyars, and Swedes.

OCCUPATIONS OF FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED.

The table following makes possible a comparison of the occupations of the first and second generations. It shows, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual, the per cent of males 16 years of age or over, in the households studied, engaged in coal mining.

TABLE 281.—Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in coal mining, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

It appears from the above table that a considerably larger proportion of the males of Swedish and Welsh parentage for whom information was secured, who were born abroad, than of those who were born in the United States, are employed in coal mining. The proportion of native whites born of native father (37.5) who are employed in coal mining is much larger than the proportion of native males born of Swedish father and nearly as large as the proportion of foreign males born of Welsh (52.4) father who are so employed.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the husbands in the families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, is shown in the following table according to general nativity and race. TABLE 282.—Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of 353 husbands reporting in the above table 98.6 per cent are at work. All the native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father and 98.2 per cent of the foreign-born husbands are reported at work. Among the different foreign-born races, all the Magyar husbands and more than 90 per cent of those of each of the other races are reported at work.

The range in annual earnings of the male heads of families studied is shown in the following table, by general nativity and race.

TABLE 283.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6.]

Information secured from 348 individuals employed in anthracite coal mining shows that 26.7 per cent earn under $400 per year, and 60.6 per cent earn under $600, while slightly less than 20 per cent earn $800 or more, and 8 per cent earn $1,000 or over yearly. Comparing the different nativity groups it is seen that none of the nativeborn of native father earn under $400 per year while a considerable proportion of the foreign-born, or 31.7 per cent, and 14 per cent of the native-born of foreign father earn under this amount. The foreign-born show larger proportions earning under each specified amount than the native-born of native father who in turn show larger proportions earning under $800 and $1,000 than the nativeborn of foreign father. The Welsh and South Italians each report slightly more than 3 per cent earning under $200 per year, and slightly more than 50 per cent of the last-named race earn under

$400 yearly. The Swedes show a considerably higher earning power than any other race, while the Welsh follow, but not closely and in turn show considerably higher than the South Italians and Magyars.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over, in the households studied.

TABLE 284.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

General nativity and race of individual.

Number
working

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

for wages Average

and re- earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

porting amount.

Of 751 males 18 years of age or over 3.5 per cent earn under $200 per year, 39.9 per cent under $400, 74.6 per cent under $600, and 95.7 per cent under $1,000. The average yearly earnings being $498. The male employees who are native-born of foreign father exhibit average yearly earnings of $678. The native-born whites of native father have average yearly earnings of $586, and the average yearly earnings of the foreign-born is $459. The foreign-born show a higher percentage earning under $200, under $400, under $600, and under $1,000, than either the native whites born of native father or the native-born of foreign father which follow in the order named. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father the Germans show the highest average yearly earnings, which is $788, as contrasted with only $547 which is the average yearly earnings of the Welsh.

The employees who are native-born of Swedish father show the highest percentage earning under $1,000, followed by those who are nativeborn of German and of Irish father in the order mentioned. The employees who are native-born of Irish father show the highest percentage earning under $600 followed by the employees who are nativeborn of German father and those who are native-born of Swedish father. Of the foreign-born employees the Swedish show the highest average yearly earnings which is $843, the Lithuanians, Ruthenians, and Welsh show average yearly earnings of over $600, the Poles over $500, the Slovaks and South Italians over $400, and the Magyars only $398. The South Italians show the highest percentage earning under $200 and the Magyars the highest percentage earning under $400. The South Italians exhibit the highest percentage earning under $600 and under $1,000. The Swedish show the smallest percentage earning under $600 and under $1,000.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 285.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

The above table shows the average earnings of the 46 females for whom information was obtained in this locality to be $304the average earnings of the native-born of foreign father exceeding this amount by $3, while the average earnings of the native-born of native father, white, exceed this amount by $21. Because of the small number involved the possibility of comparing the various races earning under each specified amount, is precluded.