The greater proportion of the total number of households pay under $2 per month per person; 14.1 per cent pay under $1. The foreignborn commonly pay a lower rent per person than the native-born of foreign father. The latter in the greater number of cases pay under $3 per month per person. The foreign-born in the greater proportion of cases pay under $2. There is considerable variation in the rent per person paid by the specified races. The Germans commonly pay under $4 per person. The English and Irish also frequently pay a comparatively high rent per person. The lowest rent per person is paid by the Ruthenians, of whom 96.7 per cent pay under $2 and 35.8 per cent under $1.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of the employees in the community in supplementing the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home has already been discussed. The extent of this practice and its bearing upon living conditions are considered in the two following tables, the first of which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers:

Table 245.—Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

Of the 630 households studied, 37.5 per cent keep boarders or lodgers, a slightly higher proportion of the foreign-born so reporting, as compared with 19 4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father. While but two races, the Ruthenian and Polish, report a majority of households keeping boarders or lodgers, a report of over 48 per cent is made both by the Magyars and North Italians. The smallest proportion, 11.4 per cent, is reported by the Irish, less than 22 per cent

of

any of the past immigrant races or of the native-born so reporting, as compared with a proportion of 29.2 per cent, the lowest of any of the recent immigrant races.

Summarizing, boarders or lodgers are more commonly found in the households of the recent than of the past immigrant races. The proportion of the Irish is somewhat lower than that reported by the second generation, but the Germans, both first and second generation, report practically equivalent proportions.

In the following table the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is shown, according to general nativity and race of head of household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of households, and (2) on the number of households taking boarders or lodgers:

TABLE 246.—Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

General nativity and race of head of house- Total num- households Number of

hold.

Average number of boarders or lodgers per household.

Number of

ber of keeping households. boarders or lodgers.

boarders or
lodgers.

In the above table, the 236 households keeping boarders or lodgers average 2.5 persons apiece, giving an average of less than 1 boarder or lodger to each of the 630 households studied. These figures are almost exactly the averages of the foreign-born, but the native-born of foreign father report only 0.36 per household. Although 6 foreign races average less than 1 boarder or lodger per household, there is much variation from the 0.97 averaged by the total foreign-born. Thus, each of the old immigrant races averages less than 0.30 boarder or lodger to a household, the other races ranging from 0.38 per Hebrew household to 2.42 per Polish. The native-born of German

father average 0.38 and of Irish father 0:35. Again in the case of the average number of boarders or lodgers per household keeping them, it will be noted that the average number reported by each of the old immigrant races is much lower than the lowest average reported by any other race excepting the Hebrew, ranging as they do from the 1.67 averaged by the North Italians to the 3.83 by the Poles. Summarizing, the races of old immigration, Hebrews and nativeborn of foreign father average a slightly lower number of boarders and lodgers per household and per household keeping them, than the North and South Italians, and a much lower number than any one of the remaining races.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in size of apartments occupied is exhibited in the table next presented, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 247.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 630 households included in the above table 37.3 per cent occupy apartments of 4 rooms, 31.7 per cent occupy apartments of 3 rooms, 12.9 per cent occupy apartments of 5 rooms, and less than 7 per cent occupy apartments of each other specified number of rooms. A larger proportion of the households the heads of which are foreignborn, than of the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, occupy apartments of each specified number of rooms under 5, the reverse being true as regards the proportion occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms above 4. Over 50 per cent of the households the heads of which are English, German, or Irish, as compared with less than 10 per cent of the households the heads of which are of another given race, occupy apartments of 5

rooms or more.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS.

The range in size of the households studied is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households of each specified number of

persons:

TABLE 248.—Per cert of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.

General nativity and race of

head of households.

Native-born of foreign father,

Total number of households.

by race of father, Irish..

Foreign-born:

English..

German.

.0 19.4 74 .0 14.9

9.7

22.6

22.6

16. 1

6.5

.0

.0

3.2

Of 630 households included in the foregoing table 17.8 per cent are composed of 5 persons, those of 6, 4, 3, and 7 persons following in the order mentioned, and less than 10 per cent are of any other specified number of persons. The households whose heads are native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion than the households the heads of which are foreign-born, of each specified number of persons under 7, while the households the heads of which are foreign-born show the larger proportion of each other specified number. Less than 10 per cent of the households, the heads of which are Ruthenian, as compared with over 25 per cent of the households the heads of which are of any other race, are composed of less than 5 persons; over 50 per cent of the households the heads of which are English, German, Irish, or North Italian being so composed.

CONGESTION.

The extent to which crowding prevails in the households studied has been indicated in preceding tables. The degree of congestion and its effects upon living arrangements are more directly set forth in the following series of tabulations:

The first table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

48296°-VOL 17-11-23

TABLE 249.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The total number of households average 5.46 persons per apartment, 1.37 persons per room, and 2.44 persons per sleeping room. These figures are closely representative of the average number of persons in foreign-born households. Households of the native-born of foreign father average a smaller number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than the foreign-born. In the latter class, the Polish and Ruthenians average a larger number of persons in each particular than any other race. The English, German, and Irish show the smallest average numbers of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

The following table shows the persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 250.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.