Magyars and Ruthenians in search of wives. After informal introductions a man who wishes to marry selects a girl, marries her, and returns with her to his occupation, or, as has sometimes happened, stays in the community until he has spent his savings, and then permits her to support him.

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE GROWTH OF THE COMMUNITY AND THE IMMIGRANT LABOR SUPPLY.

As immigrants have been coming steadily into the community since 1889, the city has grown rapidly in population and also in industrial wealth. Immigration and the expansion of industry have gone hand in hand. The industries of the community are varied. While worsteds, woolens and cotton goods predominate, other manufactures are also carried on. The manufacture of dress goods, rubber hose, belting, dyes, prints, cigars, tin cans, matches, wire cables, leather goods, silk machinery, waxed paper, compressed foods, and silk goods are some of the minor industries to which the unskilled workers may turn if a depression occurs in a major industry. This labor is cheaper than any to be found in the vicinity; it is not organized into unions; it is tractable. In all the industries in which the immigrant is employed the product turned out is a machine-made product and therefore little skill is required on the part of the workers. For their work the women receive from $4 to $8 a week, according to the piece, while the wages of the men are slightly higher, ranging from $9 to $12. Except in the very lowest grades of labor the worker is fairly well paid for the work he or she completes.

The industrial growth of this community has been directly due to the creation of industries representing vast amounts of foreign and domestic capital, which in turn have been dependent on immigrant labor from Europe. In other words, capital and immigrant labor have, together, made industrial progress possible.

CHAPTER VI.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households-Congestion-[Text Tables 241 to 252 and General Tables 182 to 193].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The rent payments of the households studied in Community D are chiefly significant in their bearing upon standard of living because of congestion within the households arising from the practice of crowding their apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent outlay. The first table presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average monthly rent paid per apartment, per room, and per

person.

TABLE 241.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Of 575 households paying rent and reporting its amount, the preceding table shows that the average rent per apartment is $9.18; the average rent per room $2.39, and the average rent per person $1.67, per month. The households the heads of which are nativeborn of foreign father pay a higher average rent per apartment than do the households the heads of which are foreign-born; this is true. also as regards the average rent per room and per person, but the

difference is not so great. This indicates that the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, occupy apartments of a larger number of rooms, and also contain fewer persons than the households the heads of which are foreign-born. The average rent per apartment paid by the households the heads of which are of each foreign race ranges from $13.56 for those the heads of which are English to $6.42 for those the heads of which are Polish; also the households the heads of which are of the same races show the highest and lowest average rent per room and per person.

The range in monthly rents for apartments is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment:

TABLE 242.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This tables includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

races.]

The greater portion of the total number of households pay under $10 per month per apartment; 25.2 per cent pay under $7.50. The native-born of foreign father more commonly pay a higher rent per apartment than the foreign-born. Of the latter 71.7 per cent pay under $10. The greater proportion of the native-born of foreign father pay under $12.50. Low rents per apartment are most commonly paid by South Italians, of whom 69.1 per cent pay under $7.50 and 32.4 per cent under $5; comparatively high rent per apartment is most commonly paid by the English, of whom a smaller part pay under $12.50 than any other race. The Germans and Irish also show relatively small proportions paying under $12.50 as compared with the other races. The greater number of the specified races most commonly pay under $10 per month per apartment.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room.

TABLE 243.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

General nativity and race of head of

household.

races.]

Of the total number of households 89.7 per cent pay less than $3 per month per room; 10.1 per cent pay under $2. These figures closely reflect the rent per room commonly paid by foreign-born households, all but 24 of the total 575 being of that type. The greater part of each specified race pay under $3 per room, ranging from 66.7 per cent of the English to 99.2 per cent of the Ruthenians. The English show the smallest proportion, paying less than $3 and less than $4 monthly rent per room. In every instance except one the Ruthenians show a proportion paying less than each specified amount equal to or greater than that of any other race.

The real situation relative to congestion is set forth in the following table, which indicates the extent of crowding within the households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person:

TABLE 244.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting.

races.]

General nativity and race of head of household.

The totals, however, are for all