pared with the other races given show very high proportions who were without occupations, while North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks show no males without occupation before coming to this country. Germans and English show over 80 per cent who were working for wages and Hebrews and Slovaks over 70 per cent, the other races follow with smaller proportions, the Irish showing the smallest per cent working for wages. Poles show a very much higher percentage working without wages than the other races, while English show no individuals who worked without wages before coming to the United States. South Italians, Irish, and North Italians show a comparatively high per cent working for profit and Polish the smallest proportion thus engaged.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States, of foreign-born males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival.

TABLE 221.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who

were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)

13.9 2.8 0.0 0.0 47.2 25.0 5.6 80.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 5.6 3.5 4.7 .0 1.2 40.7 11.6 27.986.0 2.3 2.3 4.7) 1.2 2.3 2.3 5.8 6.1 .0 .0 1.5 15. 2 40.9 19.777.3.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 7.6 4.5 13.6 40.9 4.5 .0 4.5 9.1 0 .0 18.2 18.2 4.5 22.7 13.6 .0 4.5 18.2 .014.31

.0 3.6 14.3 28.6 7.167.9 10.7 3.6 14.3 10.7 .0 7.1 17.9 .9 26.4 .0 3.6 .015.5 10.0 55.5 13.6 7.3 20.9 6.4 5.5 10.9 22.7 2. 4 30.1 .81 4.1 3.3 17.1 9.8165.0 26.8 0 26.8 5.7 .0 .0 5.7

.014.3 .0 .0 .014.3 4.8 33.3 61.9 .061.9 4.8 .00 .0 4.8 5. 1 44.6 .0 1.9 1.9 1.3 5.1 54.8 34.4 .0 34. 4 5.7 .01 .0 5.7 .0 26.4 .0 1.9 9.418.9 15.171.7 18.9 1.9 20.8 7.5 .01 .0 7.5

Total..

715

4.6 23.5

.1 2.8 11.2 15.7 11.364.618.7 2.1 20.8 5.0 1.8 3.1 9.9

The above table shows that of the males who were working for wages before coming to the United States the greatest proportion were farm laborers. Those who were engaged in hand trades follow with the next highest percentage. Factory operators and those engaged in other occupations show almost the same percentage, while very small proportions were general laborers and miners. Of those working without wages the greatest proportion were farm laborers, while of those working for profit the highest percentage were farmers or were engaged in other occupations. Ruthenians show a much higher percentage who were farmers or farm laborers than any of the other races, Hebrews showing only 1.5 per cent who were engaged in this occupation before coming to the United States. English and Germans show the highest percentage who were factory operatives, while no South Italians or Poles were so engaged. Hebrews show the highest percentage in hand trades, while very few Ruthenians and no Irish were in this occupation. Irish show 40.9 per cent of males who had no occupation before coming to the United States, while all of the North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks were engaged in some form of labor.

In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown, by race of individual.

TABLE 222.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)

The preceding table shows that 45.5 per cent of the females reporting complete data were without occupation before coming to the United States, 31.2 per cent worked for wages, 21.2 per cent worked without wages, while only 2.1 per cent worked for profit. South Italians and Hebrews show over 80 per cent of females who were without occupation abroad, and Irish, English, and Germans show over 70 per cent. The other races show comparatively small proportions, Poles showing only 5.6 per cent of females who were without occupation before coming to this country. Ruthenians and Slovaks show the highest percentage of females working for wages, and South Italians very small proportions. Poles show large proportions working without wages when compared with other races given, while English and Hebrews show no women working without wages before coming to the United States. South and North Italians show the highest per cent working for profit, while no English, Hebrews, or Poles were working for profit.

The table following shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country.

TABLE 223.-Occupation before coming to the United States, of foreign-born females

who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) FThis table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.)

Of the total number of persons in the above table, 31.2 per cent were working for wages abroad before coming to this country; 21.2 per cent were working without wages, while 2.1 per cent were working for profit. Most of those who were working for wages were employed as farm laborers. Those who were in domestic and personal service show the next largest proportion, and less than 2 per

cent each were employed as factory operators, in hand trades, and in other occupations. Of those who were working without wages practically all were farm laborers, while of those who were working for profit the proportion who were farmers is almost the same as the proportion who were in other occupations. Over 50 per cent of the Ruthenians

. were working for wages and the Slovaks show a proportion almost as large. The South Italians show the smallest proportion who were working for wages. None of the English or Hebrews were working without wages. Over 55 per cent of the Poles were working without wages as compared with less than 5 per cent each of the Germans and South Italians. The South Italians show the largest proportion who were working for profit, yet for that race the proportion is only 7.4 per cent. None of the English, Hebrews, or Poles were working for profit.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSE

HOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 224.—General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and

race of individuat.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)

Per cent.

Number General nativity and race of individual. reporting

In woolen
complete In cotton

and
data.
goods. worsted

goods.

Otherwise em- At home. At school. ployed.

Of 1,029 males included in the foregoing table 32.5 per cent are employed in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods, 13.2 per cent are employed in the manufacture of cotton goods, and 50.3 per cent are otherwise employed; 3.4 per cent are at home and less than 1 per cent at school. Practically the same proportion of each nativity group are employed in the manufacture of cotton goods, while the foreign-born show a larger proportion than the native-born of foreign father who are employed in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods and a smaller proportion who are otherwise employed. None of the foreign-born are at school, and 3.5 per cent are at home, as compared with 4.8 per cent of the native-born of foreign father who are at school and 2.9 per cent who are at home. Of the several foreign races the English, Irish, Ruthenian, and Slovak are the only ones showing as high as 10 per cent who are employed in the manufacture of cotton goods. Over 80 per cent of the Germans and over 60 per cent of the North Italians and Magyars who are employed in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods and practically the same proportion of the Slovaks and a smaller proportion of the Ruthenians are employed in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods. The Hebrews show the largest and the Germans the smallest proportion who are otherwise employed. The proportion who are at home ranges from 6.9 per cent of the Slovaks to 0.8 per cent of the South Italian.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Two tables exhibiting the present industrial status of members of the immigrant households studied are next presented. The first table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 225.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and

race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)

The preceding table shows that the greatest proportion of females are at home, the next highest proportion are engaged in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods, while a considerably smaller proportion are otherwise employed. Between 1 and 2 per cent are employed in the manufacture of cotton goods, 1 per cent are at school and 0.9 per cent are in domestic service. Foreign-born show a higher percentage of females at home than either native-born of foreign father or native-born of native father which follow in the order mentioned. Foreign-born show 30.9 per cent engaged in the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods as contrasted with 11.5 per cent of native-born of foreign father and 4.3 per cent of native-born of native father who are employed in this industry. Foreign-born show a small proportion in domestic service while native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father show no females thus employed. In the manufacture of cotton goods native-born whites of native father show the highest percentage employed followed by foreign-born and native-born of foreign father in much smaller proportions.

Native-born of native father also show the highest percentage of females who are otherwise employed, closely followed by native-born of foreign father, foreign-born showing only a comparatively small percentage. Persons native-born of native father show the highest percentage at school, closely followed by native-born of foreign father, while foreign-born only show 0.2 per cent thus occupied. Of the foreign-born races English and Hebrews alone show small

proportions in school, while Irish and Germans show over 80 per cent at home. South Italians show a considerably higher per cent than the other races of females otherwise employed, while Poles, Ruthenians,