Lapas attēli
PDF
ePub

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied—General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgersSources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income [Text Tables 220 to 237 and General Tables 171 to 180].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering into a discussion of the economic status in this country of employees and members of their households in Community D, the industrial condition and principal occupations of immigrant workers and members of their households while abroad are considered. The table first presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of arrival in this country.

TABLE 220.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

[blocks in formation]

The above table shows that 64.6 per cent of the males reporting worked for wages in Europe before coming to the United States, 20.8 per cent worked without wages, 9.9 per cent worked for profit, while only 4.6 per cent were without occupation. Irish when com

48296°-VOL 17-11--21

311

pared with the other races given show very high proportions who were without occupations, while North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks show no males without occupation before coming to this country. Germans and English show over 80 per cent who were working for wages and Hebrews and Slovaks over 70 per cent, the other races follow with smaller proportions, the Irish showing the smallest per cent working for wages. Poles show a very much higher percentage working without wages than the other races, while English show no individuals who worked without wages before coming to the United States. South Italians, Irish, and North Italians show a comparatively high per cent working for profit and Polish the smallest proportion thus engaged.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States, of foreign-born males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival.

TABLE 221.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

[blocks in formation]

The above table shows that of the males who were working for wages before coming to the United States the greatest proportion were farm laborers. Those who were engaged in hand trades follow with the next highest percentage. Factory operators and those engaged in other occupations show almost the same percentage, while very small proportions were general laborers and miners. Of those working without wages the greatest proportion were farm laborers, while of those working for profit the highest percentage were farmers or were engaged in other occupations. Ruthenians show a much higher percentage who were farmers or farm laborers than any of the other races, Hebrews showing only 1.5 per cent who were engaged in this occupation before coming to the United States. English and Germans show the highest percentage who were factory operatives, while no South Italians or

Poles were so engaged. Hebrews show the highest percentage in hand trades, while very few Ruthenians and no Irish were in this occupation. Irish show 40.9 per cent of males who had no occupation before coming to the United States, while all of the North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks were engaged in some form of labor.

In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown, by race of individual.

TABLE 222.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][subsumed][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

The preceding table shows that 45.5 per cent of the females reporting complete data were without occupation before coming to the United States, 31.2 per cent worked for wages, 21.2 per cent worked without wages, while only 2.1 per cent worked for profit. South Italians and Hebrews show over 80 per cent of females who were without occupation abroad, and Irish, English, and Germans show over 70 per cent. The other races show comparatively small proportions, Poles showing only 5.6 per cent of females who were without occupation before coming to this country. Ruthenians and Slovaks show the highest percentage of females working for wages, and South Italians very small proportions. Poles show large proportions working without wages when compared with other races given, while English and Hebrews show no women working without wages before coming to the United States. South and North Italians show the highest per cent working for profit, while no English, Hebrews, or Poles were working for profit.

The table following shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country.

TABLE 223.-Occupation before coming to the United States, of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

[blocks in formation]

English.

32 75.0 0.0 6.3 15.6 0.0 3.1 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
66 72.7 3.0
1.5 1.5 3.0
.0 .0 .0
3.4 3.4 6.9
.0 20.7 24. 1 3.4 27.6

German.

7.6

9.1

1.5

Hebrew.

55 81.8 .0

3.6

.0 14.5

1.5 22.7
.0 18.2

Irish.

29

75.9 6.9

6.9

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

3.4 .0

Italian, South.

81

86.4 1.2 .0

[blocks in formation]

Magyar.

[blocks in formation]

Polish.

[blocks in formation]

.0 24.2 30.3
.0 38.9 55.6

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

1.2 2.5 1.2 6.2
.0 30.3 .8
.0 55.6 .0
.0 32.5 1.5
.0 26.3
.6 21.2 1.1 1.0 2.1

Of the total number of persons in the above table, 31.2 per cent were working for wages abroad before coming to this country; 21.2 per cent were working without wages, while 2.1 per cent were working for profit. Most of those who were working for wages were employed as farm laborers. Those who were in domestic and personal service show the next largest proportion, and less than 2 per cent each were employed as factory operators, in hand trades, and in other occupations. Of those who were working without wages practically all were farm laborers, while of those who were working for profit the proportion who were farmers is almost the same as the proportion who were in other occupations. Over 50 per cent of the Ruthenians were working for wages and the Slovaks show a proportion almost as large. The South Italians show the smallest proportion who were working for wages. None of the English or Hebrews were working without wages. Over 55 per cent of the Poles were working without wages as compared with less than 5 per cent each of the Germans and South Italians. The South Italians show the largest proportion who were working for profit, yet for that race the proportion is only 7.4 per cent. None of the English, Hebrews, or Poles were working for profit.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

« iepriekšējāTurpināt »