born of foreign father, in the order mentioned. In the group including persons from 16 to 19 years of age, the foreign-born persons show the highest percentage, followed by those who are native-born of foreign father and those who are native whites born of native father. Of persons from 20 to 29 years of age, the foreign-born show the highest percentage, followed by the native whites born of native father and those who are native-born of foreign father. In the group including those who are from 30 to 44 years of age, the persons who are nativeborn of foreign father show the highest percentage, followed by the native whites born of native father and the foreign-born. Of persons 45 years of age or over, those who are native whites born of native father show the highest percentage, the native-born of foreign father and those of foreign birth following with considerably smaller proportions.

The Slovaks show the highest and the Germans the lowest percentage of members who are under 6 years of age, the Swedes the highest and the Russians the lowest percentage who are from 6 to 13 years of age, the Germans show the highest percentage who are from 14 to 15, while no Russians or Ruthenians are included in this group. The Germans also show the highest percentage who are from 16 to 19 and the Russians the lowest percentage in this group. The Russians show the highest percentage, and the Swedes the lowest percentage who are from 20 to 29, and the Russians the highest, and the Slovaks the lowest percentage who are from 30 to 44. The Germans show the highest percentage who are 45 years of age or over, while no Russians are included in this group.

A higher percentage of the females than of the males are under 6, from 6 to 13, from 14 to 15, and from 16 to 19 years of age. The percentage of males who are from 20 to 29, from 30 to 44, and 45 years of age or over is higher than that of the females.

GENERAL EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION UPON THE COMMUNITY.

It can not be said that immigration has pushed the native workman out. If it has had any effect on native labor, it has been to advance the native into the higher paid occupations. The places the immigrant has filled in the factories were places for which there were no American workmen. Immigration may have lowered wages, but they were chiefly the wages of immigrants themselves, for only with the coming of the immigrant have the factories been able to employ large numbers of workmen, and for years the mass of factory workers have been immigrants.

That immigration has lowered standards of living in the community, is doubtless true; but it is also true that the immigrant's standards of living have been raised by his continuance in this community.

Community C is now a city of many races, where the American forms but a small part of the population. The immigrant and his children are here in numbers five times those of the American; many languages are heard on the streets; in some of the schools there are classes in which over 90 per cent of the pupils hear only a foreign language spoken in their homes; there are churches in which English is never heard; and sections of the city in which no American family can be found; yet the community has the atmosphere of a New England city.

DISEASES PECULIAR TO IMMIGRANTS.

Diseases peculiar to immigrants are exceedingly rare. There have been, it is said, one or two cases of trachoma in the community, but of date so remote that the exact number of cases and the race or races among which they occurred are unknown. In recent years no trachoma has been found, and probably none exists in the city. Tuberculosis exists, although the number of cases has not been excessive, more among immigrants than among Americans. The American portion of the population is only about 16 per cent of the whole, however, which would naturally, account for a larger variety of diseases among the immigrants than among the Americans. Tuberculosis is said to occur more frequently among the Poles than with any other race, but no statistics have been obtained in verification of this statement.

It is probably true that more disease exists in the community than if the population were wholly American; habits of life among some of the immigrant races tend to make them more subject to disease. Congested housing conditions among the Poles, Lithuanians, Italians, and Ruthenians probably make those races more liable to sickness than others, and certainly contagious diseases would spread more rapidly among them. The effect of the housing conditions of some of the immigrant races, especially those just mentioned, is doubtless to make disease more prevalent. But this effect upon the public health is due not to diseases peculiar to immigrants, but to their manner of living. So the relatively high death rate of infant children probably results from lack of proper care and in some degree from the fact that many of the women work in the factories. It does not necessarily follow that there are diseases peculiar to immigrants or that the diseases existing among immigrants have any specific effect upon the public health. The death rate (as a whole) is not abnormally high in the community, for the death rate of the entire State for 1907 was 17.1 per thousand, compared with a death rate of 17 per thousand for Community C.

Some difficulty is had in enforcing health regulations among certain of the races, especially the Polish, Lithuanian, Slovak, and Ruthenian, the Poles being worst in their failure to obey the regulations, particularly quarantine regulations in cases of contagious diseases.

CRIMINALITY.

Community C is remarkably well ordered, considering its size and racial complexity. The chief of police accounts for the comparative freedom of the city from crime by the fact that many of the races keep much to themselves, and are thus more easily watched and controlled. The offenses committed, for the greater part, are of a minor sort, such as drunkenness and its attendant evils. The greatest criminality appears to exist among the Poles, who are considered by the police the most difficult of the races to control. According to the police records, for the year ending December 31, 1908, about 18 per cent of the total number of persons arrested were from Poland. The number of Polish offenders is greater than of any other race, except possibly the American. The records of arrest do not always show race; usually merely country of birth or nationality. Thus

the tabulation of police records for the year ending December 31, 1908, as submitted below, does not accurately show the frequency with which each race appears in the police court. Many of the persons recorded as Americans are the immediate descendants of other races, although probably born in the United States.

CRIME RECORD IN COMMUNITY C, BY RACE, 1908.

TABLE 204.—Arrests during the year ending December 31, 1908, by race and offense charged.

TABLE 205.—Arrests of persons under 21 years of age, year ending December 31, 1908, by race and offense charged.

CHAPTER VII.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Ownership of homes-Investments-Status of children in the households studied— Citizenship-Fraternal and other organizations-Ability to speak English-Progress of immigrants Immigrants in street trades Immigrants in business-Immigrants in the professions-Churches-Libraries-Americanization-[Text Tables 206 to 214 and General Tables 162 to 167].

OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.

The accumulation of property is not only an indication of thrift on the part of the owner, but, where the owner is a person of foreign birth, it also exhibits a tendency toward permanent settlement. In this connection the following table is submitted, showing the number and percentage of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 206.-Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family.

Of 735 families shown in the above table, 21.2 per cent own homes. The families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father show 22.6 per cent owning homes, closely followed by the families the heads of which are foreign-born and those whose heads are native whites born of native father which follow in the order named. Of the families the heads of which are of foreign-birth those whose heads are Germans show 45.2 per cent owning homes. The families the heads of which are Lithuanians and Swedes show 33.7 per cent and 29.7 per cent respectively, while the families whose heads are of