TABLE 169.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

Race of individual.

born.]

Of 630 foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States 49.4 per cent were without occupation, 17.1 per cent were working for wages, 32.2 per cent were working without wages, and 0.3 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. Of those who were working for wages 6.3 per cent were farm laborers, 9.5 per cent were in domestic service, 0.2 per cent were factory operatives, and 1.1 per cent were in hand trades. Of those who were working without wages 32.9 per cent were farm laborers, and 0.3 per cent were in other occupations. Of those who were working for profit 0.2 per cent were farmers and 0.2 per cent were in hand trades. The South Italians show the highest percentage who were without occupation before coming to this country. The Ruthenians show the highest percentage who were farm laborers working both for and without wages. The Germans show the highest percentage who were working for wages in domestic service and as factory operatives and the highest percentage working without wages in other occupations. The Swedes show the highest percentage working for wages in hand trades and the South Italians the highest percentage working for profit, both as farmers and in hand trades.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 170.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number

General nativity and race of individual. reporting In manu- In manu

complete facture
data. of hard-

facture of other ware and metal cutlery. products.

Per cent.

Other

wise em- At home. At school. ployed.

Of 1,342 males 16 years of age or over included in the foregoing table, 76.1 per cent are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, 6.1 per cent in the manufacture of other metal products, and 15.5 per cent are otherwise employed-1.9 per cent being at home and 0.4 per cent at school. Of the different nativity groups the native-born of native father reports the largest and the native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion who are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery. The positions are reversed as regards those who are otherwise employed-there being little difference in the proportion of each who are engaged in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery. None of the native-born of foreign father and only slightly over 2 per cent of either the native-born of native father or the foreign-born are at home, while none of the foreign-born; 1.1 per cent of native-born of native father and 3.4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father are at school.

Of the males born abroad over 75 per cent of the Germans, Poles, Russians, and Ruthenians and over 50 per cent of each other race are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, while the Lithuanians, with 26.1 per cent, is the only race showing a proportion as high as 10 per cent who are employed in the manufacture of other metal products. The proportion of each race who are otherwise employed ranges from 30 per cent of the South Italian to 5.9 per cent of the Ruthenian. Each race, except the Russian, shows a small proportion at home-the Ruthenian being the only race showing as high as 5 per cent.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Two tables exhibiting the present industrial status of members of immigrant households studied are next presented. The first table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 171.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that, of 974 females 16 years of age or over, 26 per cent are employed, 73.1 per cent are at home, and less than 1 per cent are at school. Of those who are employed 20.4 per cent are in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery; less than 1 per cent in the manufacture of other metal products or domestic service and 5.2 per cent otherwise employed. Of the different nativity groups the native-born of foreign father shows the largest proportion and the native-born of native father the smallest proportion who are employed-the native-born of native father and the foreign-born showing practically the same proportions, which is at the same time considerably larger than the proportion of the native-born of foreign father, who are at home. None of the foreignborn, 2.9 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and 5.6 per cent of the native-born of native father are at school. None of the native-born of native father are employed in domestic service or the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery8.3 per cent being employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery and 11.1 per cent otherwise employed. The proportion of

native-born of foreign father or the foreign-born who are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery is 23.6 per cent and 21 per cent, respectively, and less than 1 per cent of either are in domestic service. The native-born of foreign father alone show a proportion employed in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery. A larger proportion of each race are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery than in domestic service or the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery or otherwise employed. The proportion who are at home is larger than the proportion who are employed, as regards each race, except the Russian, and the second generation Swedish.

The following table shows the percentage of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

TABLE 172.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

The extent to which the second generation of both Germans and Swedes follow the occupations of the first generation is shown in the above table. As regards the Germans, it will be noted that of those born in the United States of fathers born abroad, 78 per cent are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, and 22 per cent are otherwise employed, as compared with 81.4 and 18.6 per cent, respectively, of the foreign-born Germans. The Swedes, on the other hand, who were born in the United States of foreign-born fathers, show only 52.9 per cent employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, as compared with 68.1 per cent of the foreign-born Swedes; consequently the proportion of Swedes of the second generation otherwise employed is considerably in excess of the first generation. Thus it will be seen that while both the Germans and Swedes of the second generation exhibit a tendency toward following the occupations of the first generation, this tendency is considerably stronger among the Germans than among the Swedes. The native-born of native father, white, it will be noted, show a slightly larger proportion employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, and consequently a slightly smaller proportion otherwise employed, than do the foreign-born Germans.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the male heads of families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, are set forth in the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the proportion of husbands who are at work.

TABLE 173.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of 683 husbands in 705 families selected for study 99.4 per cent are at work, whose average yearly earnings are $534. The husbands who are native whites born of native father and those who are native-born of foreign father each show 100 per cent, while the foreign-born husbands show 99.3 per cent at work. The husbands who are native-born of foreign father show average yearly earnings of $766, as contrasted with $713 for the husbands who are nativeborn whites of native father, and $501 which is the average yearly earnings of the foreign-born husbands. Of the foreign-born husbands 100 per cent of the German, Polish, and Ruthenian husbands are at work, while the South Italians show the smallest per cent of husbands at work. The Swedish husbands show the highest average yearly earnings, or $682, and the Ruthenian husbands the lowest, or $350.

The range in the earnings per year of male heads of families is shown in the table following, by general nativity and race of individual.