1894. The latest arrivals of the 16 principal races were the Greeks, who began to come in 1900. The Greek element in the population is so small, numbering only some 40 persons, that it is of little importance in the study of the different races in the community.

The following statements show the beginning of immigration and the periods of greatest influx of immigrants, by races.

An insight into the racial movements to the several industries in Community C may also be had from a brief account of the history of immigration to a number of representative manufacturing establishments, each of which is arbitrarily designated by a number. Plant No. 1 is owned by a corporation which is engaged in the manufacture of hardware. When the plant was established the working force was composed of Americans, but later on, as the business expanded and a demand was created for a larger working force, immigrants were employed from time to time. The order in which the different races have entered the employ of the company is as follows: Americans, Irish, Germans, Swedes, Poles, and Italians. Immigrants of other races are employed in the factory, but only in small numbers. No employees of any particular race have been displaced and the introduction of the different immigrant races has been due to the growth of the establishment and the large supply of immigrant labor available.

The same

The company which operates plant No. 2 is engaged in the manufacture of spring beds. The plant was established in 1898 and employees were taken into the factory regardless of race. system of securing labor has obtained ever since the business was started and the present working force consists of the same races employed when the plant first went into operation. The immigrant employees of this company consist of Hebrews, Swedes, Germans, Irish, Poles, Russians, North Italians, Slovenians, French, and Lithuanians. No particular race predominates and no employees of any one race have been displaced since the factory was established.

The company operating plant No. 3 is engaged in the manufacture of machine tools. The factory went into operation in 1887. No effort was made on the part of the company to secure labor of any particular race and the present force is of about the same racial composition as that first employed. Owing to the expansion of the business, the force now employed is much larger than that of several years ago. In hiring men the skill of the individual alone is considered, so that various races are represented in the different departments of the plant. The present force consists of Hebrews, Swedes, Germans, Poles, and North Italians.

Plant No. 4 was established in 1888 by a company composed of immigrants from Germany. This company is engaged in the manufacture of suspender and garter trimmings and buckles. When the factory went into operation in 1888 Irish and Poles made up the working force, but since that time other races have been taken into the factory. This has been due to the large amount of immigrant labor in the vicinity, and as no particular race is preferred, the working force is made up of various nationalities. The present force consists of Irish, Poles, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Ruthenians, Hebrews, and Italians. No race has ever been displaced, and the employment of additional immigrant labor has been due to the expansion of the industry.

The company operating plant No. 5 is engaged in the manufacture of iron castings. The factory was established in 1863 and the working force at that time consisted of Americans and Irish, the Americans predominating. The Americans gradually dropped out, going into higher-paid occupations, until in 1870 the majority of employees were Irish. About 1875-76 the company began to employ Swedes, as the Irish were passing into more skilled occupations and fewer were applying for work. Until 1890 the Swedish influx was noticeable, and for the ten years previous to 1890 the Swedes formed the bulk of the working force of the company. From 1890 to 1895 the Swedes began leaving the factory, going into plants where more skill was required and better wages were paid. Their places were filled with Poles, Lithuanians, and Italians, which races now constitute the working force of plant No. 5. From time to time Germans, Scotch, Hebrews, and Russians have been employed in the factory, but only in smalĺ numbers, and there has been no decided tendency on the part of these races to enter the industry. In every instance the races leaving the employment of this company, have entered more skilled and higher-paid occupations.

Plant No. 6 went into operation in 1850. The company owning this plant is engaged in general hardware manufacture and the first working force employed was composed of Americans and Irish. Owing to the expansion of the business, the force of employees was greatly increased in 1860, and at that time a number of Germans were employed. The above races formed the bulk of the working force until about 1875, when Swedes began to enter the industry. The business continued to expand, and in 1890, as the force of Americans, Irish, Germans, and Swedes was not large enough to operate the plant, a number of Poles were employed. In the last fifteen years the influx of Poles has been so great that they now form the bulk of the working force. From 1890 to 1909 Slovaks, Ruthenians, Italians, and FrenchCanadians have been employed and are taking the places of Ameri

cans, Irish, Germans and Swedes, who are gradually leaving the plant and entering other occupations.

The employment of the more recent immigrants has been due to the increase in the size of the factory and the difficulty in securing employees of the older immigrant races, or native labor.

There are no statistics available to show the racial movements to Community C, but the returns of the federal and state censuses, exhibiting the changes in the population of the city according to country of birth and parentage, corroborate the preceding history of immigration to the community and its industrial establishments. In 1900 Community C had, according to the Twelfth Census, a population of 25,998. Of this population, 16,705 persons, or 64.26 per cent, were native-born, and of this number barely two-fifths, or 6,719, were born of native parents. Thus little more than a quarter of the city's population (25.84 per cent) was of native parentage.

While the foreign-born persons numbered only 9,293 (35.74 per cent of the total population), there were 9,986 native-born persons whose parents were from foreign countries. So that the number of persons of foreign parentage was 19,279, almost three-fourths (74.16 per cent) of the total population of the city. This fact is shown by the following figures from the federal census of 1900:

TABLE 159.-Population of Community C, by general nativity, 1900.

Not shown by the census reports, but as these 118 colored are negroes, it is assumed that they are of native parents.

The following table shows the number of foreign-born persons in Community C, by country of birth, 1900:

TABLE 160.-Number of foreign-born persons in Community C, by country of birth, 1900. [From United States census report, 1900.]

Total number

The foreign-born element was widely distributed as to place of birth. While the census classification does not show race, the countries from which the foreign-born came, as shown in the preceding table, suggest the large number of different races in the city. The following show the population of Community C in 1900, by general nativity, color, and age periods, and the number of foreign-born persons in 1900, distributed by number of years in the United States:

TABLE 161.-Population in Community C, by general nativity and age periods, 1900.

Foreign-born persons, 1900, distributed by number of years in the United States.

A rough analysis of the population of the community at the time of the Twelfth Census brings out several significant facts:

1. Of persons under 45 years of age, the number of native-born whites of foreign parentage exceeds, not only in total but also in each of the census age periods, the number of native-born whites of native parentage; of those 45 or more years of age, the numerical relation is reversed; showing that the greatest increase in population due to births has been among the foreign element, that the immigrant races are spreading with a rapidity which will make the true native element constantly a smaller and smaller factor.

2. The number of native-born (of both native and foreign parentage) bears a similar relation to the number of foreign-born. Below the age of 25 the native-born outnumber the foreign-born; from 25 years onward the foreign-born are the more numerous. From this it would appear either that the greatest increase in population during recent years had been due to births rather than to immigration, or that the immigrant influx had been composed chiefly of persons of mature years, although the former deduction seems the more probable. It appears that of the 8,398 foreign-born persons whose length

of residence in the United States was known (eliminating the 895 of unknown length of residence), slightly more than 25 per cent (2,151 persons) had been resident in the country for a less period than six years, while only about 42 per cent (3,493 persons) had been in the country less than ten years. Indeed, approximately as many had been in the United States more than fifteen years (3,433) as had been here less than ten years (3,493); and more than one-fourth of the foreign-born had come to the United States twenty or more years before.

3. The number of persons native-born of native parents is greater than the number of foreign-born below the age of 15, but from 15 onward the foreign-born are more numerous. This is indicative of how largely foreign in character are likely to be the birth additions to the population. Putting aside the question of parentage of the 1900 population, comparison of the native-born (of both native and foreign parents) with the foreign-born shown in the following table brings out this significant fact: Of females between the ages of 19 and 45 (which may be taken as the average child-bearing period) the foreign-born compose 44 per cent of the total number.

Population, 1900, by age periods and general nativity and sex.

4. Of the English-speaking tendency of the second generation of the immigrant races something is shown in the following statement. While there were 1,345 persons 10 or more years of age who were unable to speak English, only 3 of these were native-born:

Persons 10 or more years of age who can not speak English, by general nativity and color.

5. The immigrant races are largely represented in the period of childhood and adolescence as shown in the statement next submitted. Of the 7,601 persons between the ages of 4 and 21, less than 27 per cent were whites of native parentage. Thus the coming generation the most impressionable and educable portion of the population, were children of foreign parents to the extent of nearly 69 per cent; and the influences affecting this portion of the population will have much to do with the future of the community.