Of the two larger immigrant employers previously referred to, the smaller, the brick company, employs Italians alone. The other factory, which was established by Germans and English, is not strictly an immigrant employer, as its management is chiefly in the hands of second-generation Germans and its business relationships and methods are essentially American. The races to be found in its employ are: Polish, Irish, Swedish, Lithuanian, Slovak, German, French Canadian, Italian, Armenian, and Greek, this being approximately the order of their numerical strength.

INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMMUNITY AT THE PRESENT

TIME.

The table below shows for the year 1905 the amount of capital and labor in Community C engaged in the manufacture of hardware as compared with all other industries. As can be readily seen from the table, more than one-half of the labor and capital of Community C is in hardware manufacturing.

In 1908 the records of the state factory inspector showed 56 industrial establishments in Community C employing five or more persons each. The total number of employees in these 56 establishments was 14,497, of whom 11,356 were men and 3,141 women. The smallest number employed in any establishment was five and the largest number 2,415.

These figures indicate in a crude way, the importance of the community's industries. Placing the total population of the city at approximately 44,000, it is found that nearly one-third of all the persons in the city were employed in the 56 establishments recorded by the factory inspector. It must be remembered, however, that the year 1908 was one of comparative stagnation in the industrial world and that the above figures do not represent fully the total employment under the most favorable conditions.

The opportunities for employment in the lower occupations, such as common laborer, machine operator, etc., are numerous in the establishments manufacturing hardware, cutlery, tools, and other metal goods. The positions requiring skill and training are, of course, fewer, and less frequently vacant; yet even of these there are usually a number open to skilled workmen. Labor qualified to fill these latter positions is not abundant and the field is by no means overcrowded. Yet because of the large amount of unskilled labor required in the production of hardware and kindred manufactures, the bulk of the employment available is in the unskilled (and consequently less remunerative) occupations.

Outside of the hardware, cutlery, and tool manufacturing industries the opportunities for employment are not great. A hosiery and

. knit underwear factory affords employment to a number of women (and a few men), and the iron foundries and machine shops, which are relatively inconsiderable in the extent of their demand for labor, offer employment for a small number of men. The manufacture of hardware and allied lines, however, is the great source of labor demand, and employment is usually to be found in these factories.

Of native labor there is but a small supply; the wages paid, moreover, for the lower grades of work are not sufficient to tempt the American workman. The factories must look to the immigrant for most of their employees. And the right sort of immigrant, one who can adapt nimself to the work, who is steady and industrious, and content with a moderate wage, will usually find employment with the larger of the metal manufacturing establishments.

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Detailed information was secured from 686 households in Community C, the heads of which were employed in the local industries. The following table shows the households studied, according to general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 154.- Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of 686 households studied in this locality 85.7 per cent have heads who are of foreign birth, the heads of 9.9 per cent of the households are native-born whites of native father and the heads of 4.4 per cent of the households are native-born of foreign father. Of the households whose heads are native-born of foreign father, those whose heads are of English, German, and Irish parentage each show 1.5 per cent of the total number of households for whom information was secured. Of the households whose heads are foreign-born, those whose heads are Swedes show 16.2 per cent, while households the heads of which are Lithuanians, Slovaks, Poles, South Italians, and Germans show over 10 per cent; the households the heads of which are Ruthenians show over 6 per cent; while the households the heads of which are Russians show only 1.6 per cent of the total number of households studied in this locality.

MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS

SECURED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured.

TABLE 155.—Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Of the 3,688 persons in the 686 households studied in this locality, 90.9 per cent are in households the heads of which are foreign-born, 3 per cent in households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, and the remaining proportion, a fraction over 6 per cent, in households the heads of which are native whites born of native father. Concerning those in households the heads of which are foreignborn, only 2.2 per cent are in Russian households, and 9.1 per cent each in German and Ruthenian households, as compared with proportions in Polish, Swedish, Lithuanian, South Italian, and Slovak households, in the order named, ranging from 16.3 to 13 per cent. In households, the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, the proportions in those the heads of which are the second generation of English, Germans, and Irish, are practically the same. As regards those persons for whom detailed information was secured, it will be noted that the proportions in the various households vary only slightly, when at all

, from the proportions shown for all persons in the households studied.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured:

Table 156.—Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity

and race of head of household.

а.

The preceding table shows that of 3,675 persons for whom detailed information was secured, 54.8 per cent are males and 45.2 per

cent are females. The persons who are native-born whites of native father, and those who are native-born of foreign father show a higher percentage of females than of males; while the employees of foreign birth show a considerably higher percentage of males than of females.

Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father, those of English and Irish parentage show a much higher percentage of females than of males; with the employees of German parentage the reverse is true.

Of the foreign-born employees each race shows a higher percentage of males than of females.

The table following shows, by sex, and general nativity and race of individual, persons in the households studied for whom detailed information was secured.

TABLE 157.--Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general

nativity and race of individual.

The preceding table shows that of 3,675 persons for whom detailed information was secured, 2,014 are males and 1,661 are females. Of the total number for whom information was secured 55.1 per cent are of foreign birth, 37.8 per cent are native-born of foreign father, and 7.1 per cent are native-born whites of native father. Of thé persons who are native-born whites of native father and those who are native-born of foreign father the table shows that information was secured from a higher percentage of females than of males, while of the foreign-born persons information was secured from a higher percentage of males than of females.

Of the persons who are native-born of foreign father, those of Swedish parentage show 7.5 per cent, followed in the order named by those of Slovak, Lithuanian and German parentage, while no persons whose parents were of any other specified race show over 5 per

cent of the total number for whom information was secured. AÎl of the persons who are native-born of foreign father, except those whose fathers were born in Russia, show a higher percentage of females than of males.

Of the foreign-born persons the Poles show 12.2 per cent, followed by the South Italians, the Lithuanians, the Slovaks, the Swedes, and the Ruthenians, while none of the other specified races show over