In the next table presented the persons per room are shown by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 134.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Slightly more than 60 per cent of all of the households studied in the foregoing table have 1 or more persons per room. None of the households have as many as 4 persons per room and less than 10 per cent have as many as 2 persons per room. The foreignborn show a greater degree of congestion than do the native-born of foreign-father. None of the households of the latter group have as many as 2 persons per room, while 12.4 per cent of the foreignborn show households having that number of persons per room. Among the foreign-born races the South Italians show the greatest degree of congestion, 2.1 per cent of the households of that race having 3 or more persons per room. The Poles show the greatest proportion of households that have 2 or more persons per room. The South Italians show the next largest proportion and the Swedes show the smallest. The Poles show a greater proportion of households having 1 or more persons per room than do any other race. The percentage is 94.6. Eighty-three per cent of the South Italian households show that number of persons per room as compared with 45.8 per cent of the Swedes and 57.9 per cent of the Germans.

The table following shows persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 135.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

a Not computed, owing to the small number involved.

More than 75 per cent of all households studied have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, leaving not quite 25 per cent who have less than 2 persons per sleeping room. None of the households studied have as many as 6 persons per sleeping room, and only 0.5 per cent have as many as 5 persons. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show a greater degree of congestion than do the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. The latter show 73.2 per cent as having 2 or more persons per sleeping room, while for the former the proportion is 77.3 per cent. The households the heads of which are native-born of German fathers show a smaller degree of congestion in sleeping quarters than do the households the heads of which are native-born of Irish fathers. Among the households the heads of which are foreign-born only 64.1 per cent of the French Canadians have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, as compared with 94.6 per cent of the Polish households and 87.2 per cent of the South Italian. The South Italians show a greater proportion than do any other race of households that have 3 or more persons per sleeping room. None of the German households have as many as 4 persons per sleeping room, and the proportion of French Canadian and Swedish households that have that many persons per sleeping room is in each case less than 4 per cent. The South Italian and Polish races each show a small proportion of households that have as many as 5 persons per sleeping None of the households studied have as many as 6 persons per sleeping room.

room.

The final table of the series, which is next presented, indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly using all except each specified number of rooms to sleep in.

TABLE 136.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

A total of 440 households are included in the above table. The average number of rooms per household is 4.72 and the average number of sleeping rooms per household is 2.24. Of the total number of households 34.8 per cent sleep in all rooms except 2. The proportion of households sleeping in all rooms except 1 is 18.4 per cent. Less than 1 per cent sleep in all rooms. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show a much larger proportion sleeping in all rooms except 1 than do the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, and while the proportion is also larger for the households that sleep in all but 2 rooms the difference is not so marked. Of the foreign-born races the Polish is the only one showing any households that sleep in all rooms. that race the proportion is 1.1 per cent. Over 52 per cent of the Polish households sleep in all except 1 room. Less than 10 per cent each of the French Canadian and Swedish households sleep in all except 1 room. Slightly more than 45 per cent of the German households sleep in all except 2 rooms, while the proportion for the Poles is 40.2 per cent. The proportion of North Italian households that sleep in all except 2 rooms is too small for computation.

For

HOUSING AND SEGREGATION.

But two races in Community B congregate in certain localities and they are the Poles and Italians, each of which have a distinct quarter in the city. The French Canadians, while not having a regular quarter, tend to congregate in that part of the city in which their church is located, although some French Canadian families are found in other sections of the city. The residences of the Swedes and Germans are scattered, and this is true of all other races not enumerated. Real estate agents claim that the reason the Poles and Italians congregate in certain quarters of the city is that they desire to live near their churches. In the case of the Poles, Italians, and French Canadians the houses on the streets in close proximity to their respective churches are occupied by people of these races. Another reason for congregation is that it is extremely difficult for the Poles and Italians to obtain houses in other quarters of the city; therefore they are practically forced to take up residence in Polish and Italian quarters, a thing which they are usually very willing to do.

The general condition of houses occupied by Italians compared with those occupied by natives in the same grade of employment is not so good. The houses are not so well kept and there is less desire for cleanliness than exists among the natives. The Italians are not averse to overcrowding and like to supplement their incomes by taking lodgers, even though it costs much personal inconvenience. In some cases where the families have prospered and own their own house the general condition of the house is equal to that of houses owned by natives in like circumstances. It is rare to find families of any race owning their own houses and taking boarders or lodgers, and the mere fact that the family owns the house, no matter to what race its members belong, seems to put it at once on a higher plane.

The Poles as a general rule do not keep their houses in as good condition as natives in the same grade of employment. They too, like the Italians, are not averse to crowding, and a large number of Polish families take lodgers. These people, for the sake of low rent, will live in tenement basements where it would be impossible to get native tenants. They are also willing to put up with fewer conveniences than the native in similar circumstances. The real estate agents assert that the Poles are more destructive to property than the natives and are less cleanly, but are more to be depended upon for rent. One agent said that a Polish family in a $6 tenement would pay the rent promptly and would be likely to have a bank account, while the native in similar circumstances would keep a better house but would be a hard tenant from whom to obtain rent promptly. The French Canadians are extremely clean in their houses, and the dwellings of this race are equal to those of natives in the same grade of employAs they usually have large families they seldom take boarders

and the family ties are not severed.

The Germans and Swedes in the manner of keeping their dwellings rank about equal and in many cases superior to the natives in the same class. These people have been so thoroughly Americanized that no difference is to be noted between their houses and the houses of natives. They are not distinctly segregated, as are the Poles and Italians; they usually have a higher grade of employment, and with that a higher standard of living. Their length of residence has been

longer and the process of assimilation much more complete than that of the Poles or Italians. The same condition is found in the case of the English-speaking immigrants, whose houses are the equal of the natives in the same grade of employment. One effect of length of residence upon housing is that it tends to make permanent residents of immigrants. They purchase a house and they and their children become permanent residents of the city. Length of residence also works a modifying influence upon all races with the exception of the Slavic. The Slavic races change very little in their habits or associations, and in the majority of cases keep closely to themselves. With the Italian and French Canadian, however, length of residence is an indication of permanence of residence. It means that all ties with their country of origin are severed, and that the family which has purchased its house is being assimilated and holds to the same aims and ideas as do the natives in like circumstances. After the house has been purchased more pride is shown in it than when it was only rented, and consequently it receives better care.

The Polish, French Canadian, and Italian children usually live with their parents, and when they marry live in the same locality if employment is to be obtained. When employment can not be obtained the children usually go to neighboring cities, but children of immigrant families usually remain in the same locality with their parents. No regulations relative to housing exist in Community B. The tenant of a house is permitted to quarter as many families there as the house will accommodate. The tenant may, if he cares to, sublet rooms or parts of a tenement. The usual tenement house occupied by immigrants has three families, although in some cases the basement is used, and four families are lodged. There are tenements where six and even more families are housed, but this situation is uncommon. In defense of this system, which permits the landlord or tenant to overcrowd the houses, the claim is made that no bad results to the community have resulted and that the community has no need of such regulations. That the health of the community has not suffered by such a system is due largely to the fact that the health laws are strictly enforced by the town and city health officers. The customary way for the immigrant to board in this community is to buy food for himself and have the wife or boarding-house mistress cook it for him. In this way he gets such food as he wants and can live more cheaply than he would in a regular boarding place. He pays, however, a lump sum for lodging, cooking, and washing. The native boarding house is of a much higher type. In the native boarding house more meat is used, higher prices are paid for articles for the table, and the whole standard is very much higher than that of the immigrant.

In immigrant houses the food costs the immigrant from $1.50 a week up to $3 and $3.50, according to what he buys. His diet is of low grade. The Italian, it is claimed, spends for food as little as $1.50 a week and the Slavic races somewhat more. In a large measure the amount spent on food depends on whether the immigrant is going to return to the old country or whether he intends settling here. In some instances, where close economy is practiced, the amount spent for food is less than the amount previously shown. In native boarding houses, on the other hand, the usual price for board runs from $4 to $5 per week.