month that is larger than that paid by any other race, either nativeborn or foreign-born, and also pay a higher rent per room than do any of the foreign-born races. "In households whose heads are foreign-born the Swedes pay the highest rent per apartment, it being $11.05, as compared with $7.14 paid by the Poles and $7.89 paid by the South Italians. The average rent per room paid by the Germans is $1.90, and for the Swedes it is $2.23. The South Italians and Poles average paying $2.10 per room and the French Canadians $2.07. The Swedish is the only race that averages over $2 per person, each of the other foreign-born races averaging below that amount. The Poles, who pay an average rent of $1.20 per month per person, show the smallest average, although that shown by the South Italians is not much in excess of that amount. The

range in monthly rents for apartments is set forth in the following table, which shows, by, general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment: TABLE 126.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,

by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)

The average rent paid per month per apartment by the 336 families included in the foregoing table is $9.48. Slightly more than 6 per cent pay over $15 per month per apartment, and only 3 per cent pay under $5. In each specified rent group the households whose heads are foreign-born are seen to appear in larger proportions than do the households whose heads are native-born of foreign father. Considering the foreign-born races, it appears that none of the French Canadian, German, or Swedish households pay under $5, while the proportion of South Italian households that pay under that amount is 11.1 per cent and of the Poles 6.5 per cent. The Poles show the largest proportion paying under $7.50 per month per apartment. It is 53.2 per cent. The French Canadians show the smallest proportion, paying under $7.50. None of the Poles pay over $12.50 per month, while 21.8 per cent of the Swedes and 18.5 per cent of the French Canadians pay over that amount. The Swedish is the only race that shows a proportion of less than 90 per cent paying under $15. The Germans and South Italians each show a proportion in excess of 95 per cent who pay under that amount.

In the table next presented the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per room is shown by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 127.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by

general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Less than 1 per cent of all households included in the above table average over $4 per month per room. The average monthly rent per room in all households is $2.12. Nearly 30 per cent pay under $2 and slightly more than 90 per cent pay under $3. Compared with households whose heads are native-born of foreign father, the households whose heads are foreign-born show the largest proportion paying under $3 per room per month and the smallest proportion paying over that amount. Of the households whose heads are foreign-born none pay under $1. Fifty-three and one-tenth per cent of the foreign-born Germans pay under $2, the next largest proportion being that shown by the Poles, 33.8 per cent. The smallest proportion paying under $ž is shown by the Swedes and is 18.2 per cent. All foreign-born races,

except the South Italian, show over 90 per cent paying under $3. The proportion of that race who pay under $3 is 86.1 per cent. Of the Poles, 2.6 per cent pay over $4. None of the households of any other race pay over that amount.

The real situation relative to congestion is set forth in the following table, which indicates the extent of crowding within the households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person:

TABLE 128.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by

general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of a total of 336 households paying rent and reporting its amount the average rent paid per person per month is $1.92. More than 75 per cent of all households pay under $3 per month per person, while 88.1 per cent pay under $4. Only 5.7 per cent pay under $1 and 47.9 per cent pay under $2. Slightly more than 20 per cent of the households whose heads which are native-born of foreign father pay over $4 per person per month, while the proportion of households whose heads are foreign-born paying over that amount is only 8.9 per cent. Considering the households whose heads are foreign-born, it is seen that none of the French Canadians or Swedes pay under $1, while the highest proportion paying under that amount is shown by the South Italians, who are closely followed by the Poles. Of the Poles, 77.9 per cent pay under $2, as compared with 29.1 per cent of the Swedes and 40.6 per cent of the Germans. Nearly 95 per cent of the Poles pay under $3, as compared with 67.3 per cent paid by the Swedes. No race shows a proportion less than 50 per cent paying under $3. Over 90 per cent of the French Canadians, South Italians, and Poles pay under $4 per person per month.' Over 15 per cent each of the Germans and Swedes pay a rental of over $4 per month per person, while of the households the heads of which are native-born of German father 21.8 per cent pay over $4 per month per person.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of employees in Community B in supplementing the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home has already been discussed. The extent of this practice and its bearing upon living conditions are considered in the two following tables, the first of which exhibits the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household: TABLE 129.— Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by generat,

nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the

entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)

A little more than 16 per cent of the total number of households. studied keep boarders or lodgers. The foreign-born show a much. larger proportion of such households than do the native-born of foreign father, while the proportion of households whose heads are native whites born of native father keeping boarders or lodgers is too small for computation. Among the second-generation immigrants, the Irish show a larger proportion of households keeping boarders or lodgers than does any other one race. Among the foreign-born nearly 35 per cent of the households the heads of which are Poles keep boarders or lodgers, as compared with but 8.8 per cent of the households the heads of which are Germans. The Swedes, South Italians, and French Canadians each show a proportion ranging from 10 to 15 per cent of households that keep either boarders or lodgers.

In the following table the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is shown according to general nativity and race of head of household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of households, and (2) on the number of households taking boarders or lodgers:

TABLE 130.— Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and

race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) (Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the

entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)

Among the 440 households studied, 71 keep boarders or lodgers, the total number of boarders or lodgers in all such households being 109. Based on the number of households studied the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is less than 1, while based on the number of households that keep boarders or lodgers the average number is 1.54. Besed on the total number of households studied, the average number of boarders or lodgers per Polish household is 0.48. For French Canadian households the average is 0.31 and for South Italian households it is 0.26. The number of boarders or lodgers in households the heads of which are foreign-born North Italians is too small for computation. Based on number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household the heads of which are foreign-born Swedes is 1.60 and in households the heads of which are foreign-born Poles it is 1.38.