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TABLE 105.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the individuals who worked abroad for wages, a considerable proportion were farm laborers and a smaller proportion were in hand trades or were factory operatives, while of those who worked abroad without wages almost all were farm laborers. The proportion of individuals who worked abroad as farm laborers for wages is largest for the South Italians and smallest for the French Canadians, while the proportion who worked as farm laborers without wages is largest for the Poles, second largest for the French Canadians, and smallest for the South Italians. The French Canadians, Swedes, and Germans have a much larger proportion of individuals who were factory operatives abroad than have the South Italians and Poles, and the Swedes, Germans, and South Italians have a much larger proportion of individuals who were employed in hand trades than have the French Canadians and Poles.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the industrial conditions before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to this country.

TABLE 106.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Upon information obtained for 267 foreign-born females in this locality it will be seen that 67.4 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States, 29.6 per cent worked for wages, and 3 per cent without wages, while none worked for profit. Comparing the several races, it will be noted that none of the South Italians and only a small proportion of each of the other races worked without wages abroad, the proportions so employed ranging from 6.3 per cent of the French Canadians to 1.4 per cent of the Poles. Among those working for wages the South Italians, with 41.9 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion than the Germans, a considerably larger proportion than the Swedes, and a very much larger proportion than do the French Canadians or Poles, the last named reporting only 16.4 per cent. It will be seen, therefore, that a slightly larger proportion of Poles than French Canadians and a considerably larger proportion of Poles than Swedes, Germans, or South Italians were without occupation abroad.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:

TABLE 107.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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The above table shows that a very large proportion of the foreignborn females for whom information was secured, who worked abroad for wages, were in domestic service, and that a very large proportion of those who worked without wages were farm laborers. The proportion of individuals who were employed in domestic service is largest for the Germans and Swedes, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the French Canadians. None of the South Italians or Poles and a much larger proportion of Swedes than of French Canadians or Germans worked as farm laborers without wages.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next presented the general occupation of males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over, is shown according to general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 108.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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From the above table it appears that 8.8 per cent of the males 16 years of age or over for whom information was secured are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, that 55.3 per cent are employed in the manufacture of other metal products, that 33.5 per cent are otherwise employed, and that only a very small proportion are at home or at school. The proportion of individuals employed in hardware and cutlery is larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father, and very much larger for the latter than for the native-born of native father; the proportion of individuals in employments not specified is largest for the nativeborn of native father, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born, and the proportion of individuals employed in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery is slightly larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of native father and the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, the Germans have the largest proportion of individuals employed in hardware and cutlery, the Poles and French Canadians the largest proportion of individuals employed in the manufacture of other metal products, and the South Italians the largest proportion of individuals in employments not specified.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In contrast with the preceding tabulations, the series of tables next presented exhibit the industrial condition of persons in this country. The first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 109.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the females in this locality 16 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 77.9 per cent are at home, 8.3 per cent are employed in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery, 11.3 per cent are in employments not specified, and only a very small proportion are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, in domestic service, or at school. The proportion of individuals at home is much larger for the foreign than for either the native-born of foreign father or the native-born of native father; the proportion in employments not specified is very much larger for the native-born of foreign father and the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born; and the proportion employed in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery is largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, the Poles and South Italians have the largest and the French Canadians the smallest proportion of individuals at home.

OCCUPATIONS OF THE SECOND GENERATION COMPARED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual, the percentage of the males in the households studied, 16 years of age or over, who were in the hardware and cutlery industry:

TABLE 110.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over in hardware and cutlery, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States, and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born are shown for comparative purposes.]

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In the above table the Germans show the highest percentage of males engaged in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery; those who were born in the United States of German father showing a considerably smaller proportion than those who were born abroad. Over 10 per cent of the French Canadians and Swedes who were born abroad, as contrasted with 2.4 per cent of those who were nativeborn of French-Canadian fathers, and 4.2 per cent who were nativeborn of Swedish father are in the hardware and cutlery industry. Only 3.1 per cent of the native whites born of native father are employed in the above-mentioned industry. The French Canadians show the highest percentage of foreign-born males who are otherwise employed; but those who were born in the United States of FrenchCanadian father show 97.6 per cent otherwise employed. A larger proportion of native-born employees of German and Swedish father than of foreign-born German and Swedish employees are otherwise engaged. Of the males who are native-born whites of native father 96.9 per cent are otherwise employed.

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED BY IMMIGRANTS.

The Irish race, because they were adapted to farming, engaged at first in that occupation, but as industry developed after 1850 many found employment in the factories. The plated silverware, the lamp and chandelier, the hardware and other factories engaged Irish as workmen and the farms employed fewer men of this race as the industries developed. The English, many of them from Sheffield and Birmingham, entered the silverware and cutlery industries, in the development of which they were instrumental. The Scotch and the

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