CONGESTION.

Preceding tables indicate the extent to which crowding prevails in the households of the community. The degree of congestion and its effects upon living arrangements is more directly set forth in the following series of tables. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 81.—Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The above table shows that in 689 households there is an average of 5.34 persons per apartment, 1.12 persons per room, and an average number of persons per sleeping room of 2.11. The households whose heads are foreign-born show a higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than do the households whose heads are native-born of either native or foreign father, the households whose heads are native-born of native father showing the lowest average number of persons in each instance. Of the households whose heads are of each specified race, those whose heads are English show the lowest, and those whose heads are Polish the highest, average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households having each specified number of persons per room.

TABLE 82.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of 689 households studied in the above table, none have as many as 4 persons per room, 0.7 per cent have 3 or more, 10.3 per cent have 2 or more, and 63.6 per cent have 1 or more. None of the households whose heads are native-born, whether of native or foreign father, have more than one person per room, but 13.4 per cent of the foreignborn have two or more and 0.9 per cent have as many as three. The households whose heads are Poles or Slovaks show 94.8 and 90.3 per cent, respectively, with 1 or more persons per room, as compared with less than 80 per cent of the households the heads of which are of any other race. Households the heads of which are Poles and Slovaks show 35.1 per cent and 29 per cent, respectively, having 2 or more persons per room, as compared with less than 10 per cent of the households the heads of which are of any other given race; the two first mentioned also show 3.1 per cent and 6.5 per cent, respectively, having 3 or more persons per room, as compared with none of the households the heads of which are of any other race.

The following table shows persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 83.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of 689 households for which information was secured, 67.1 per cent have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, 17.3 per cent 3 or more, 2.9 per cent 4 or more, and less than 1 per cent 5 or more. Of the households the heads of which are of the different nativity groups, those whose heads are native-born of native father show the smallest proportion, having each 2 or more and 3 or more persons per sleeping room, and those the heads of which are native-born of foreign father the largest, with 2 or more persons per sleeping room, while the households whose heads are foreign-born show the largest proportions having 3 or more persons per sleeping room. Of the households whose heads are foreign-born, those whose heads are Hebrews show the highest proportion having each specified number of persons per sleeping room, except 2 or more, where those the heads of which are Polish show the highest proportion. The households whose heads are of the older immigrant races, or Irish, German, and English, show considerably lower proportions having each specified number per sleeping room than the households the heads of which are of the races of more recent immigration.

The final table of the series, which is next presented, indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly using in all except each specified number of rooms to sleep in.

TABLE 84.— Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of 689 households in Community A for which information was secured, all rooms are regularly used as sleeping rooms in 3.6 per cent of the households, all except one in 20 per cent, and all except two in 40.2 per cent. Of the households whose heads are of the different nativity groups, those whose heads are native-born of native father show the smallest proportion regularly using all except one room and all except two rooms to sleep in, and the foreign-born show the largest. Of the households the heads of which are of the different foreign-born races, those the heads of which are Polish and Slovak show much greater proportions using all rooms, and all except one room, while the households the heads of which are Hebrews show a larger proportion regularly using all rooms except two to sleep in.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age classification of households studied-[Text Tables 85 to 89 and General Tables 83 to 87].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the persons in the households studied in the community is set forth in the following table, which shows, by sex, general nativity, and race of individual, the per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and the percentage who both read and write:

TABLE 85.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Between 90 and 95 per cent of the total number of persons included. in the preceding table read and write, a difference of less than 1 per cent being shown between the males and females. All of those who were native-born of native father, 99.7 per cent of those native-born of foreign-father, and 87.9 per cent of those foreign-born read and write, the foreign-born only showing a difference between the males and females having this ability. Of the foreign-born races, the North