CONTENTS

PART I

NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF COPYRIGHT

1. THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF COPYRIGHT

Copyright meaning, I Its two senses, I

tion, 3

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Blackstone, 2 - Property by crea-

Property in unpublished works, 4 — The question of publication, 5

Statute of Anne, 6- Supersedure

Inherent right, 5- Statutory penalties, 6

of common law right, 7.

II. THE EARLY HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT

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In classic times, 8 — Roman law, 8 — Monastic copyists, 8 St. Columba and

Finnian, 9-University protection, 9 - Invention of printing, 10 — In Germany,

10- In Italy: Venice, 13-Florence, 17 Control of Church, 17 — In France,

17- In England, 19 – The Stationers' Company, 21 Statutory provisions, 22.

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III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATUTORY COPYRIGHT IN ENGLAND.

24-34

The Statute of Anne as foundation, 24 Its relations to common law, 24 - The

crucial case, 25- The Judges' opinions, 25-The Lords' decision, 26 - Protests,

26- Supplementary legislation, 26 - Georgian period, 27 — Legislation under

William IV, 28- Victorian act of 1842, 28- Protection of designs, 29 - Sub-

sequent acts, 29 - Royal Commission report of 1878, 30 - Later legislation,

31- International copyright, 31 - Musical copyright, 31-Conference reports,

1909, 32- Act of 1911, 32 - Design patents, 33 - Common law rights, 34.

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IV. THE HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT IN THE UNITED STATES

Constitutional provision, 35 Early state legislation, 35 Act of 1790, 35

1802-1867, 36 - Revised act of 1870, 37-1874-1882, 37

copyright legislation, 1891, 37 — Private copyright acts, 38

sions, 38-American code of 1909, 39-State protection of playright, 39 -

Trade-Mark act, 40 - Common law relations, 40.

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· Oral addresses, 42 Dramas,

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Unpublished works, 431

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Common law scope, 44

tions, 44

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General rights,

46- Court protection, 46

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Common law in U. S. practice, 44 - Statutory limita-

45- Inferential rights, 46 — Differentiated rights,

Division of rights, 46- Analysis of property rights,

47 Broad interpretation, 48 — Limits of protection, 48 — Differentiated con-

tracts, 48 — Enforcement in limited grants, 49 — Copyright as monopoly, 50 —

Altered theory of copyright, 52 Publishing, 52 -What constitutes publishing,

53 "Privately printed" works, 53- Copying, 53 - Vending, 54 Control

of sale, 54- Macy cases, 55 Bobbs-Merrill case, 56- Scribner case, 56 —

English underselling case, 57-Suits under state law, 57 - Translating, 58

"Other version," 58 - Translating term, 58 - Oral delivery, 59- "Publicly

and for profit," 59- Material and immaterial property, 60

Schemes not copy-

rightable, 61 — New British code, 61 - Foreign statutes, 62

- International pro-

visions, 62.

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63-94

VI. SUBJECT-MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: WHAT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED

Subject-matter in general, 63 - Classification, 63 — Prints and labels excluded,

64 - All the writings of an author, 64 - Component parts, 64 - Compilations,

new editions, etc., 64 — Non-copyrightable works, 65 — Government use, 65 —

"Author" and "writing" definitions, 66-Interpretation by Congress and

courts, 66 - Supreme Court decisions, 67 - Originality and merit, 68– Book"

definitions, 68- Blank books, 72 · Combinations and arrangements, 73 -

Advertisements, 73- New editions, 75- Copyright comprehensive, 76 -

Non-copyrightable parts excepted, 76 - Book illustrations, 77 - Translations

77 - Translator's rights, 78 — English practice, 79 — Translations in interna-

tional relations, 79 - Foreign translators, 79 - Abridgments, 80- Compila-

tions, 81 · Collections, 81- Titles, 82 Changed titles, 82 Titles as trade-

marks, 83 "Chatterbox" cases, 84 - Projected titles, 85- Projected works

not copyrightable, 86— Immoral works, 86 - Periodicals, 87 — Definition of

periodicals, 87 Periodicals under manufacturing clause, 88 Periodicals

copyrightable by numbers, 88-News, 89 - British periodicals, 90- - Oral works,

90— Newspaper reports, 91 — Lectures in England, 91 - Letters, 91 -Designs

patentable, 93 Foreign practice, 94 International definition, 94.

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100

VII. OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT: WHO MAY SECURE COPYRIGHT 95-113

Persons named, 95 The author primarily, 95 — Claimant's right to register,

96 Employer as author, 97 Implied ownership, 98 · Protection outside of

copyright, 98 — Work in cyclopædias, 99 Association of author's name, 100

Added material and alteration, 100 - Separate registration of contributions,

- Joint authorship, 101 Corporate bodies, 102

Peary cases, 102

Renewal rights, 104 - Assign-

Substitution of name, 105 - Witnesses,

- Proof of proprietorship, 107 - Foreign

Earlier provisions, 108 - Residence, 108 — Intending citizens,

109-Time of first publication, 109 - Non-qualified authors, 110 - Foreign

ownership, III "Proclaimed" countries, III Buenos Aires convention, 113

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Anonymous works, 101

Posthumous works, 102

VIII. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT: TERM AND RENEWAL

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Renewal, 115-

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114-124

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Historic precedent, 114 - Previous American practice, 114 - Term in code of

1909, 115

Extension of subsisting copyrights, 116- Assignee

of unpublished manuscripts, 116 Extension of subsisting renewals, 117

Publishers' equities, 117- Estoppel of renewal, 118 - Life term and beyond,

118 - Unpublished works, 119 - Publication as date of copyright, 119 — Serial

publication, 120 — Joint authorship, 120 - Forfeiture, 121 — Abandonment,

121 - In England, 121 - New British code, 122 Perpetual copyright, 123

Other countries, 124 — International standard term, 124 - Special categories,

124.

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IX. FORMALITIES OF COPYRIGHT: PUBLICATION, NOTICE, REGISTRA-

TION AND DEPOSIT

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name, 135 - Registration,

136 Certificate, 136

Periodicals, 138 — Appli-

· Deposit, 142 — Frag-

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125-152

General principles, 125-Previous American requirements, 125-Present Ameri-

can basis, 126 - Provisions of 1909, 126 - Publication, 126 — Copyright notice,

127 - Previous statutory form, 128-Exact phraseology required, 128

Name, 129-

Date, 129 Accidental omission, 130 — Place of notice, 131

One notice sufficient, 131 Separate volumes, 132 Different dates, 133

Extraterritorial notice, 133 — Successive editions, 134 - False copyright notice,

134 — Ad interim protection, 135 — Substitution of

136 Rules and regulations, 136 - Application,

Application requirements, 137 - Illustrations, 138 –

cation cards, 139 · Certificate cards, 140- Fees, 141

ment not depositable, 143 - Type-writing publication and deposit, 143 — Legal

provisions, 143 — Failure to deposit, 144 — Forfeiture by false affidavit, 144 —

Works not reproduced, 144 · Second registration, 145 — Free transportation in

mail, 145 Loss in mail, 145 - Foreign works, 146 Ad interim deposit, 146

Completion of ad interim copyright, 147 Omission of copyright notice, 148-

Books only ad interim, 148 Exact conformity required, 149 · Expunging from

registry, 150 British formalities, 150 New British code, 151 - Other

countries, 151 International provisions, 152.

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Manufacturing provision of 1891, 153 - Text in 1909 code, 153 - Scope and

exceptions, 154 Changes, 1891-1909, 154- German-American instances,

155- Dramas excepted, 155 Exception of foreign original texts, 156- Excep-

tion of foreign illustrative subjects, 156-Affidavit requirement, 156-Avoidance

of errors, 157 - Forfeiture by false affidavit, 158-Exact compliance necessary,

158 Importation questions, 159 - Foreign manufacturing provisions, 160-

English patent proviso, 161.

XI. DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL COPYRIGHT, INCLUDING PLAYRIGHT

Dramatists' and composers' rights, 162- · American provisions, 162 - Rights

assured, 163 - Dramatic rights, 163 — Musical rights, 164 — Excepted perform-

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ance, 164-Performance "for profit," 165-Works not reproduced, 166-Copy-

right notice, 166-Dramatico-musical works protected from mechanical reproduc-

tion, 166-Dramatic and musical works excepted from manufacturing provisions,

167 - British colonial practice, 168- Entry under proper class, 168 — Applica-

tion and certificates, 168 - Right of dramatization, 169 — Dramatization term,

169 Musical arrangements, 169 - Transposition, 170 – Works in the public

domain, 170 Dramatization right protected, 170- English law and practice,

171 Infringement cases, 172 — Substantial quotations, 173 Specific scenes

or situations, 174 - What is a dramatic composition, 174 — Judge Blatchford's

opinion, 175 - Judicial definitions, 175- Moving pictures, 176 Literary

merit not requisite, 177 - - What is a dramatico-musical composition, 177-

Protection of playright, 178 — Protection of unpublished work, 179 — Indeter-

minate protection, 180 - Printing and performance, 180-Specific English

provisions, 182 Publication prior to performance, 183 - British international

protection, 184 - What is public performance, 185 — Manuscript rights, 186

Unpublished orchestral score, 187 - Dramatic work by employee, 188 — Copy-
right term, 188-Registration, 189-Assignment, 189 - Parody, 190-Infringe-
ment by single situation, 191 Protection of title, 191 Names of characters,
Persons liable for infringement, 193 Protection against "fly by night'

companies, 194 State legislation, 194

Remedies under present law, 195

Musical protection in England, 195 — Acts of 1902-1906, 196

other countries, 197 International provisions, 197 Foreign protection of

arrangements, 197- International definitions, 198 - National formalities, 199

- Specific reservations and conditions, 200 Pan American Union, 201.

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XII. MECHANICAL MUSIC PROVISIONS

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Playright in

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Compulsory

"Canned music" contest, 202 Mechanical music provisos, 202

license, 203 - Damages, 203 - Public performance, 204 The compromise

result, 204-Judicial construction, 205 - Punishment of infringement, 206 —

Notice of intention to use, 206 · Constitutional question, 207 - English law,

208 — Berne situation, 1886, 209 — Paris, 1896, 209 — Berlin provision, 1908,

209- German precedents, 210 - Law of 1910, 211 Germany and the United

States, 212 French precedents, 212 Belgian precedents, 213-Italian

precedents, 213 - Other countries, 214 — Argument for inclusion, 214 – In-

scribed writings, 215 - Direct sound-writings, 216 - Music transmissal, 216-

Music notation, 217 — The law prior to 1909, 218 - Manuscript and copies,

218- Protection of the inventor, 219-The counter argument, 220 Complete

protection, 221.

Threefold value in art works, 222 American provisions, 223 Copyright

Office classification definitions, 223 The question of exhibition, 224 — Pro-

tection of unpublished work, 225 - Copyright notice, 225 - Deposit, 226—

Summary of requirements, 227 - Material and immaterial properties distinct,

228 - Manufacturing clause, 228 German post-cards, 229 — Artistic merit,

unimportant, 229 — Application forms, 229 · Certificates, 230 — Term in un-

published work, 230 Date not required, 230 — Re-copyright objectionable,

231 - Exhibition right transfer, 231— Early English decision, 232 — The Werck-

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meister leading case, 233 - Unrestricted exhibition hazardous, 234 Reserva-

tion on sale, 234 · Publication construed, 234 — Danger of forfeiture, 235 —

Limited use and license, 236 - Character, not method of use, 237 - Illustra-

Description of artistic work, 238 — Portraits, 238

tion, 237

Right of em-

ployer, 239- Photographs, 240 — Tableaux vivants and moving pictures, 241–

Architectural works, 242 Copy of a copy, 243 Alterations, 243, 244-

Remedies, 245 Artistic copyright term, 245- British practice, 246 Sculp-

ture provisions, 247 - Engraving provisions, 247-New British code, 247

Foreign countries, 248 — Berne convention, 1886, 48 — Paris declaration, 1896,
- Berlin convention, 1908, 250 - Exhibition not publication, 250 — Pan

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American Union, 250.

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PART IV

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND PROCEDURE

XIV. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT: PIRACY, "FAIR USE" AND

"UNFAIR COMPETITION"

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251-264

Piracy, 251 Test of piracy, 251 — Infringement in specific meaning, 252 —

Questions of fact and intent, 253 "Fair use," 253- Principle of infringement,

254 Infringement by indirect copying, 254 - Exceptions from infringement,

255 Infringement by abridgment and compilation, 255 — Abridged compila-

tions, 256 - Separation of infringing parts, 256— Law digests, 257 —- Proof from

common errors, 257 — Infringement in part, 258 — No infringement of piracies

or frauds, 258 - Quotation, 259 — Private use, 259 — “Unfair competition,"

260 Deceptive intent, 260- "Chatterbox" cases, 261 - Encyclopædia

Britannica cases, 261- Webster Dictionary cases, 261 - "Old Sleuth" cases,

262 - Other title decisions, 262 - Rebound copies, 263 — Kipling case, 263 —

Burlesqued title, 264 - Drummond case, 264 — New British code, 264.

XV. REMEDIES AND PROCEDURE

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Protection and procedure, 265 — Injunction, 265

sufficing, 266 - Deposit of infringing articles, 266

Impounding, 268 - Supreme court rules, 268 - Court jurisdiction, 268

Limitation, 269 — Text of procedure provisions, 270 — Proceedings united in

one action, 270 - Jurisdiction, 270 - Injunction provisions, 270 Appeal, 271

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- No criminal proceedings, after three years, 271 - Strict compliance requisite,

271 - Damage not penalty, 272 - Other procedure decisions, 273 - Preven-

tive action, 274 Party in suit, 274 Willful case, 275

- Penal provisions, 275

False notice of copyright, 276 — Allowance of costs, 276 — New British code,

277.

Copyright and importation, 278-Fundamental right of exclusion, 278-General
prohibitions, 279 - Exceptions permitted, 279 — Text provisions, 280 - Prohi-
bition of piratical copies, 280 — Permitted importations, 280 — Library impor<
tations, 281 - Seizure, 282 Return of importations, 282 Rules against
unlawful importation, 282 - Supersedure of previous provisions, 283 — Manu-