General OSBORN. About $2,100,000 is for small sets and about $600,000 for broadcasting stations. Mr. POWERS. There are liable to be calls for other radio stations? General OSBORN. In this budget we have tried to foresee that. PERSONAL SERVICES Mr. SNYDER. Turn to the personal-service item on page 140. What is the pay roll now as to numbers? General OSBORN. That is 1,024 as of June 30, 1943. The pay roll in this item is for hostesses and librarians. Mr. POWERS. How many in Washington? General OSBORN. None in Washington. These are all out in the field. Mr. SNYDER. By what amount of money is this project increased? General OSBORN. By approximately $40,000. Mr. SNYDER. What do these people do? General OSBORN. In each of the larger camps there is a big service club and the service club has three hostesses, a cafeteria hostess, a managing hostess, and a social hostess. Then there is a wing of the service club which contains a library of 8,500 volumes, with a librarian. These people are about equally divided between librarians and hostesses. In some small camps we have small recreation halls, or a small library with one librarian. TEMPORARY EMPLOYEES FOR RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Mr. SNYDER. As to item (b), page 140, what sort of research activities are contemplated? General OSBORN. We are trying to study the components which make up the effects by which men are disturbed or improved. We have a small group of very competent scientists in Washington working on those things, making field studies of the men. Some of the studies require the advice and help of very competent mathematicians, who are expensive. We do not require their full time, but from time to time we bring down to Washington for a few days some of those mathematical statisticians from the universities. Mr. SNYDER. What do they discover? General OSBORN. They will do a lot of figuring. General OSBORN. Figuring on the relative worth of the different components of morale. Mr. SNYDER. After all, the Army has been in existence as long as the Government has been in existence. Do you mean to say that we have to have mathematicians to produce those figures? General OSBORN. There are several answers to that. We do not know all about it. This war has produced a lot of new problems. In the last war some 30 percent of our men had been to high school or to college. In this war about 70 percent have been to high school or college. Mr. SNYDER. What has that to do with a mathematician? General OSBORN. It has to do with morale, because this much more educated group of men from our cities indicate that they are much more critical and they want much more to be informed, and there are some extraordinary gaps in there into which in one way or another they may get their results. We try to fill those gaps with our information service as far as we can. Mr. STARNES. Where do these people come from? Give us the names of the institutions from which they come. General OSBORN. There is an item further along on the work being done for us in some of the colleges. Mr. STARNES. I would like to have you, with reference to item (b), to give us the names of the men you intend to use, these super-duper intelligentsia boys, and the institutions from which they come. Mr. POWERS. And also give us the same information as to the ones you have used. General OSBORN. I will prepare such a list and insert it in the record. (The statement referred to is as follows:) The names of persons used as temporary employees by the Research Branch, Special Service Division during fiscal year 1943 are listed below: Dr. Hadley Cantril, Princeton University. Dr. John Dollard, Yale University. Dr. Quin McNemar, Leland Stanford University. Dr. Louis Guttman, Cornell University. Dr. Robert K. Merton, Columbia University. Dr. Frederick Mosteller, Princeton University. Dr. Frank Stanton, Columbia Broadcasting Co. While it is impossible at this time to state definitely the names of the temporary employees for the fiscal year 1944, it is expected that the following persons will be used: Dr. William F. Ogburn, University of Chicago. Dr. L. L. Thurstone, University of Chicago. Dr. S. R. Hathaway, University of Minnesota. Dr. G. W. Allport, Harvard University. Dr. Clifford R. Adams, Pennsylvania State College. Dr. Earl Zinn, Yale University. Dr. P. F. Lazarsfeld, Columbia University. Dr. Kimball Young, Queens College. Dr. George Lombard, Harvard University. Dr. John Syme, Johns-Mansville Co. Dr. Paul S. Achilles, Psychological Corporation. PAY OF CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES AT EMBARKATION PORTS Mr. SNYDER. Give us the justification for item c, on page 141. General Osborn. All Supply Services of the Army, and others purchasing and supplying equipment for overseas forces and on transports at ports of embarkation are required to make funds available to the commanding generals of ports of embarkation for hire of civilian personnel for their activities. The primary purpose of the Supply Section for Special Services is to insure that special-service equipment is properly distributed to troops overseas. Bulk shipments of equipment and material is received, packed, and stored in warehouses at ports. As troops and supply ships prepare to leave for overseas destinations, special-service equipment is placed on board so that troops proceeding overseas will have the needed special-service equipment where they land. Mr. STARNES. How are those civilians selected? General OSBORN. By the special service supply officer at the port. General RICHARDS, As I understand it, with respect to special services; originally they made an effort to have their supplies shipped overseas by the port of embarkation. They did not have a great deal of luck because the officer of the port of embarkation thought that some other material would be of more value to the soldier than reading matter and so forth. As General Osborn has explained, a port of embarkation is divided into sections-the Quartermaster Section, the Engineer Section and so on, each of which is headed by an Army officer, with a number of civilian employees under him. It is the function of each one of these port sections when it gets a request from overseas, or from a port of embarkation, to see that its proportion of material gets on board the ship. As indicated by General Osborn the proper proportion of his equipment was not always getting on the ship and it was decided that it would be better if they had a little section of their own at each depot to assure them of having someone to look after their welfare. Mr. POWERS. Do you mean to say, General, that the officers in our Army were not sufficiently interested in the welfare of the troops to see that this equipment got aboard ship? General RICHARDS. They were interested all right, but at times, perhaps, they were not enthusiastic about getting this material aboard ship. Mr. POWERS. Sometimes the commanding officer thought that other material was of more importance than this. Is that right? What will these civilian employees do that the commanding officer has not done to see that this material is put aboard ship? General OSBORN. These employees would call it to the attention of the Special Service Supply Officer at the port of embarkation. NEWS BULLETIN SERVICE Mr. SNYDER. Turn to project on page 142, please, and explain a, and indicate the components of the project. Mr. MAHON. I would like to see, Mr. Chairman, a copy of the news bulletin, so that we may know what they are doing. Mr. SNYDER. Have you got some copies there, General? I am happy to distribute these to the members of the committee. I have reports from our troops and I know how they feel about this bulletin. I know how these boys feel at some of the outposts, without getting news from home. We have had wonderful letters from the men overseas, telling us what they think of these news bulletins. Mr. POWERS. How about this foreign service which the Department of State gets out every day? It is radioed overseas. Is that not a duplication? General Osborn. No, sir; it is not a duplication. There was some duplication with the Office of War Information, but that office has pulled out of this field. Mr. POWERS. They have pulled out of this field? Mr. POWERS. Has the appropriation been reduced to that extent? General OSBORN. I understand so. Mr. SNYDER. I understand it is to be this year. Mr. POWERS. I have before me a release from the Department of State, dated May 28. This gives quite a lot of news. General Osborn. If you will read our bulletin, Congressman, you will find that it is appropriate for a soldier to read. We keep checking on it to see whether or not our soldiers are interested. It gives the soldiers a report on what is going on all over the world. It is difficult to get such news from the State Department News Bulletin. I wish I could give you a little better picture of the conditions under which our men are living and are fighting. Of course a great majority of them are not fighting. I do not suppose that any Army has more than 20 percent of its men in combat at any one time. There are 80 percent of the men who are not in combat. Mr. POWERS. I understand that. This committee is very sympathetic to every item in connection with welfare for the enlisted men. Speaking for myself, I am interested only to see that there is no duplication and also to see that there is no foolish expenditure of money. General OSBORN. Yes, sir. Mr. SNYDER. I see that you give baseball news. General OSBORN. They are interested in baseball news. Mr. SNYDER. Give us an explanation of the procedure under item b, and the cost factors. Mr. MAHON. Did the general cover who actually selects the news? General OSBORN. I would like to do that very much. We have news tickers in the office-A. P., U. P., I. N. S., and other standard news services. That is the only news which is used. We have brought in and commissioned six very highly qualified former officers in the American Army, who were newspaper correspondents and who know something about war. Mr. MAHON. Who are they? General OSBORN. Maj. Carter Glass, Jr., who was a publisher of two newspapers in Lynchburg, Va., and has been a Washington correspondent, editor, reporter, all of his working life; 30 years' experience. Lt. Col. Sam L. A. Marshall was associate editor, chief editorial writer, military critic, foreign correspondent, and so forth, for the Detroit News, working as foreign correspondent for North American Newspaper Alliance in Spanish-speaking countries. Also, technical writer in Infantry Journal and other service periodicals; 25 years' experience. Capt. Thomas A. McMahon was telegraph editor of Detroit News prior to entry into service. Has worked on New York Journal, Los Angeles Examiner, and many other metropolitan newspapers; 30 years' experience. Capt. William S. Gill has been a foreign correspondent, reporter, editor, and publisher of metropolitan newspapers-New York Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Examiner, and so forth. Made his early reputation as reporter who scooped story of Titanic sinking. As foreign correspondent was roommate of Elmer Davis in London; 35 years' experience. Capt. Roy Howes was city editor, military critic, Detroit Free Press, prior to entry into service; 25 years' experience. Capt. Henry P. Zuidema was night city editor, Detroit News, prior to entry into service; 20 years' experience. Also, worked as foreign correspondent. Mr. STARNES. What kind of material do you use? General OSBORN. These bulletins are made up from news which comes in on the tickers-the tickers in our office. Our men go to work at 5 or 6 o'clock in the afternoon and they get through about 12 o'clock. At that time they turn over the news summary to the Signal Corps. Recently I had one of them inquire about reporting the coal strike. I said: “We are running a news service you give them the news that there is." I said that just as soon as we begin faking or holding back we will no longer be a news service. Mr. STARNES. Who raised that question? General OSBORN. One of the correspondents-one of our officerswhen he was writing his news. EDUCATION AND TRAINING Mr. SNYDER. We spent most of last Thursday discussing education and training, and now we find some more of it on page 143 of the justification. Proceed with the justification, please. General OSBORN. This is off-duty education. The only time the enlisted man gets to do any studying is in his off-duty hours. Mr. SNYDER. Is this project in existence now? General OSBORN. Yes, sir; it was in the program for last year. have been taking correspondence courses. wait 6 weeks to get their studies back. We have developed a number of courses directly related to Army work; for instance, the receiving of Morse code messages. There is a shortage in that field. Mr. SNYDER. Was there any such program during the last war when the boys were in France? General OSBORN. No, sir. Educational work of this nature was done, to some extent, after the war was over. It was hastily put together and was not very successful. It is our hope that this program will also provide a skeleton for after the war. As I said, we are training the men in the Morse code. We have developed a series of 22 records to teach them the Morse code. Mr. POWERS. Does not the Signal Corps teach them the Morse code? General OSBORN. Yes; it teaches them in the schools-not outside. Mr. SNYDER. It does give the boys something worth while to do. General OSBORN. We have already sent out 3,000 sets of 22 records each and they have been used in classes of a hundred. This apparently is the best way to teach the Morse code. We believe it is the best way ever developed. Mr. POWERS. You have a personal service item of $26,500. You had nothing in 1942 or 1943. Will you give us an explanation? 1 |