two words, nai a "dog" and va the imperative of the verb "come."

The last collection of songs represents the Telegu people, who rank next to the Tamils in importance. The region occupied by them is on the eastern side of the peninsula, beginning at Madras and extending north to about the twentieth parallel. They are bounded on the south by the Tamils, on the west by the Canarese and Marathi, and on the north by the Gonds and other hill tribes. They are estimated at fourteen millions. Centuries ago the Telegu nation was the mightiest in southern India, but successive conquests prostrated it, and few traces of its former grandeur are left. The Telegu has been called the "Italian of the East," and it so closely resembles the Sanskrit in its phonetic laws that very many words from the latter language have found their way into its vocabulary. Very little of the old folk-lore remains. The most important work is that of Vamana, who, as Mr. Gover conjectures, wrote as early as the twelfth century. It is a heterogeneous collection of proverbs, in not less than two thousand verses. "They follow no order, but are jumbled together; as if each verse had been written on a card, all the cards tossed together in a bag, and then the cards withdrawn at random and strung together in the order in which they came from the bag.

In the specimens given the verses are taken out of their original order and arranged according to subjects. The following stanzas are noteworthy as showing an opposition to idolatrous worship:

What animals ye are who worship stones

And care not for the God that dwells within!
How can a stone excel the living thing

While He, the worshipful, dwells in the heart,
Why pile your gifts in temples made of stone?
Can gods who, in and out, are rock alone,
F'er taste a part?

We have continually noticed in the songs of all the Dravidian nations hints of the detestation in which the Brahmanic hierarchy is held by the common people. These lines are very

A few proverbs must suffice for these songs. Each verse is a complete proverb.

Milk that's drunk at tavern door
Counts as wine you may be sure.
If you stand where you ought not,
Why be shocked when shame is got?

Join the vile, and vile you'll be

In the eyes of those who see.

If beneath a palm you drink,

Though but milk, what must we think?

Blind man's legs the lame man plies,
Cripples lend the blind their eyes:
Thus for each the poor take heed,
Help each other's urgent need.

Give promotion to the rude,
They will chase away the good.
Can the dog that eats old shoes
Taste the sugar-cane he chews?

Wash a bear skin every day,
Will its blackness go away?
If you beat an idol's face,

Will the god acquire new grace?

We have now given specimens of all the collections of songs found in Mr. Gover's book. Though he has by no means given us all that are current, he claims to fairly represent this species of literature among the principal Dravidian nations. As he tells us in his introduction, he has kept two objects in view, first, "to exhibit irrefragable evidence of the real feelings of the mass of the people, and thus enable Europeans to see them as they are," and, secondly, "to draw public attention to a great body of excellent vernacular literature, in the hope that other persons ** will follow the enquiry, and publish critical editions and translations of the great ethical works of the Dravidian Augustan age." Of course the value of these collections depends much upon the fidelity of the translation to the spirit of the original. This we have no means of testing beyond the author's claims. The songs were mostly taken down by missionaries who had been for many years familiar with the native tongues, and the English translation is as literal as is consistent with a metrical form. We are confident that the literary excellence and the pure sentiment of most of the songs will be a surprise to many, and that they will desire to become better acquainted with them.

It is exceedingly desirable that every effort be made to collect and preserve the characteristic literature of Southern India, for as European civilization has encroached more and more upon native society, much of this literature has perished, and more will soon be forgotten. We cannot afford to lose its help in tracing into the past the obscure history of the Dravidian nations.

ARTICLE VII.—THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON IN 1871.

III.

THE NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY.

THE latter part of the treaty of Washington, from the thirtyfourth to the forty-second Article inclusive, contains arrangements for submitting the question of the boundary line between the territories of Great Britain and the United States upon the Pacific coast, so far as it was in dispute, to the arbitration and award of the Emperor of Germany. The point to be decided was a very simple one. By the Webster and Ashburton treaty of Washington concluded in 1842, the line between the two jurisdictions had been settled as far as to the Rocky Mountains. This settlement in 1842 only carried out earlier provisions; and the same terminus of the parallel of 49° which here appears, had been agreed upon in the convention of 1818. It is there stated that a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods along the 49th paral lel of latitude, or, if the said point shall not be in that parallel, a line drawn north or south, as the case may be, until it shall intersect said parallel, and a line along the same parallel drawn westward shall be the line of demarcation between the territories of the contracting powers "from the Lake of the Woods to the Stony Mountains." (Art. II.) (Art. II.) It is added that for the space of ten years any country claimed by either party west of the Stony Mountains, on the northwestern coast of America, shall be free and open to the vessels, citizens, and subjects of the two powers. (Art. III.) By the convention of 1827, all the provisions of this third Article are "further indefinitely extended and continued in force." Before the treaty of 1842, above mentioned, had been concluded, it was found that the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods was in lat. 49° 23′ 55′′, but no change affecting the boundary westward was admitted into this treaty.

The treaty of 1846, however, carried out the determination of the boundary line to the Pacific Ocean. The words are as follows: (Art. I.)

"From the point on the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, where the boundary laid down in existing treaties and conventions terminates [i. e., from the Rocky Mountains, Treaty of 1842, Art. II], the line of boundary between the territories of the United States and those of her Britannic Majesty shall be continued westward along the said forty-ninth parallel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island, and thence, southerly, through the middle of the said channel, and of Fuca's Straits, to the Pacific Ocean; provided, however, that the navigation of the whole of said channel and straits, south of the said forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, remain free and open to both nations."

It is added (Art. II), that the great northern branch of the Columbia River, from the point where the forty-ninth parallel intersects it to the ocean, shall be free for the purposes of navigation to the Hudson's Bay Company and other British subjects. When "the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island" is spoken of, it is plain that the parties to the treaty conceive of but one channel, or at least that each party supposed that there was but one channel answering the conditions named. With the increase of navigation in that quarter, they became aware that there were two principal channels, besides several smaller ones, between the islands. One of these nearest to Vancouver's Island, and westward of the group to which the island of San Juan belongs, had for more than half a century been called the Canal de Haro-sometimes written Arro; the other, situated to the eastward of these islands and near the continent, had gone in quite recent times by the name of the Straits of Rosario. The British government claimed that the line of boundary ought to run according to the true sense of the treaty through this latter passage; our government claimed that it ought to run through the channel nearest to Vancouver's Island. The mean distance between the two passages cannot be more than twenty miles. The British interpretation would give the San Juan group, and the jurisdiction over the western channel to Great Britain. The treaty provides that the channel through which the boundary should be drawn (as well as the Straits of Fuca) should be open to both nations to the south of the 49th parallel. To