California, admission of, 69; muni- cipal home rule in, 76; discovery of gold in, 313; labor clause in constitution of, 372 Campaign, the presidential, 230 Canals, the construction of, by States, 340 Capitation tax, 268 Census, 118
Chancery Courts, 181
Charity, a function of local gov- ernment, 385; State boards of, 387; organization, 388 Charter, the Great, 88 Charters, colonial, 31; changed to constitutions, 33; of cities, 76; of corporations, 360 Chinese, cannot become citizens, 96; exclusion of, 334 Chisholm vs. Georgia, 153 Circuit Court of Appeals, organiza- tion of, 149; jurisdiction of, 156 Circuit Courts (federal), organiza- tion of, 149; jurisdiction of, 156 Circuit Courts (State), 178 Cities, the nurseries of democracy, 11; how governed, 76; rights of, 77; organization of, 218-222; finances of, 292 Citizens, who are, 95
Citizenship, origin of, 6; inter- state, 59; rights and duties of, 95-100; the civil rights of State, 96; the civil rights of federal, 98; duties of, 100 City Council, 219 City-state, the, 6 Civil cases, 155
Civil liberty, 87-93; growth of, 88- 92; preservation of, 93 Civil Service, the national, 143; re- form, 144
Civil Service Commission, 143 Clay, Henry, 81
Cleveland, F. A., Growth of Democ- racy, 16
Coinage, a function of government, 307; in colonial times, 307; of
gold and silver, 311-317; ratio of silver to gold, 312; subsidi- ary, 315
Collection of taxes, federal, 275; State, 284
Collective Bargaining, 374 Colorado, admission of, 68; wo- man's suffrage in, 105; local government in, 196 ́ Combination, corporate, develop- ment of, 361-365 Commerce, attempts to regulate, 46; regulation of, 129; foreign, 328-335; interstate and intra- state defined, 337; foreign regu- lated by Congress, 328; regula- tion of interstate, 338; state, 339; Court of, 154, 339 Commerce and Labor, department of, 142
"Commission" system of muni- cipal government, 222
Commissioner of Education, 357 Committees, of Congress, 125; of
State Legislatures, 163 Common law, State recognition of, 55; its origin and nature, 243 Common Schools, 356 Comptroller, duties of State, 173 Concurrent powers, 49 Confederation, 38; Articles of, 41; its weaknesses, 43; efforts to strengthen, 46
Congress (Continental). See Con- tinental Congress
Congress (of the Confederation), its powers, 42; enacts Ordinance of 1787, 65 Congress (of the United States), powers of, 129; admits new States, 63; reënacts Ordinance of 1787, 65; its place in Ameri- can politics, 120; organization of, 115-120; the assembling and adjournment of, 123; sessions of, 124; and the executive de- partment, 136; determines juris- diction of federal courts, 155; controls Territories and Depen- dencies, 184; declares war, 249; the treaty power of, 260; its
power in respect to taxation, 272; its power in respect to money, 307; charters banks, 320; regulates foreign commerce, 328; and the representation of States, 104; regulates interstate commerce, 338; appropriates money for rivers and harbors, 340; charters transcontinental railways, 360; controls the post- office, 341; the police power of, 395; enumeration of the powers of, 402; resolutions of, 401 Connecticut, frames the first writ- ten constitution, 32; in the con- vention of 1787, 117; road com- missioners in, 340; text of the first constitution of (Appendix B) Constable, 207
Constitutional government, 31-36 Constitution (of the United States), its authority given by the people, 9; a fundamental law, 33; framing and ratifica- tion of, 47; a distinct creation, 48; nature and extent of its powers, 49-52; how amended, 53; federal and State relations maintained by, 60; bill of rights in, 92; and the Supreme Court, 157-159
Constitutions, the first written, 32; general features of, 34; rati- fied by the people, 35; supplant the colonial charters, 33; the safeguard of liberty, 36, 92 Constitutions (State), origin of, 32; how ratified and amended, 36; bills of rights in, 97; should not be codes of laws, 166; pro- visions in respect to labor, 372 Consuls, 258
Continental Congress, meets in Philadelphia, 40; its activities, 41; issues of paper money by,
308 Convention of 1787, meets in Phila-
delphia, 47; frames a Constitu- tion, 48; how it distributed the power of government, 49-51;
provides for a federal legisla- ture, 116; creates a strong ex- ecutive, 132; establishes an in- dependent judiciary, 147; gives the taxing power to Congress, 272; gives Congress the power to regulate commerce, 328 Conventions of political parties, 227-230 Copyright, 364, 402 Coroner, 199
Corporation defined, 75 Corporation tax, defined, 267; re- form in the, 298 Corporations, two forms of, 75 Corporations (municipal), 75; two classes of, 217; organization of, 218-222; sphere of their activi- ties, 222 Corporations (private), created by State authority, 360; great im- portance of, 361; evolution of, 362; Bureau of, 367; the prob- lem of, 365-368 Council, the King's, 5 County, the organization of, 197- 200; in the south and southwest, 195; in the middle States and the west, 196; in New England, 197; commissioners of, 198; the citizen and his, 200 County-Township system, 210 Courtesy, senatorial, 130 Court of Claims, 150 Courts (federal), four grades of, 149-150; kinds of cases tried in, 151; jurisdiction of the four grades of, 155; their relation to State courts, 181
Courts (State), organization of, 177-180; their relation to fed- eral judiciary, 181; their powers, 181
Courts of Appeal (State), 180 Crime, 377-383; proportioned to the offense, 88; definition of, 377; punishment of, 378; State defines and punishes, 379; crime and the federal government, 380; prevalence of, 381; preven- tion of, 382
Criminal cases, 155 Criminality, 383
Criminals, surrender of, 59 Currency, metallic, 311-317; paper, 319; amount of, in the United States, 326
Customs Duties, defined, 268; a source of revenue, 275; amount collected, 333
Education, encouraged by Ordi- nance of 1787, 65; the State superintendent of, 173; county superintendent of, 200; school directors, 213; a function of government, 351; and democ- racy, 351; a local affair, 353; supported by local taxation, 354; supervision in, 354; educational activities of federal govern- ment, 356
Election of representatives, 119
Declaration of Independence, 41; Elections, 344-349; importance of,
its principles, 91 Defectives, 387
Defense, 249-254; a function of government, 249; national de- fense, 249-253; State, 253; lo- cal, 253
Delaware, hundred in, 210; road commissioners in, 340 Delinquent property, 284 Demagogues, 14
Democracy, ancient, 7; in United States, 12; growth of, 10-12; pure, 10; checked by feu- dalism, 11; supported in cities, 11; and the individual, 15; and education, 351 Democratic Party, 81 Demonetization of silver, 313 Department, organization of a fed- eral executive, 142 Departments, the three, 24-29; in England, 25; in the United States, 25; the independence of,
Dependencies, how they differ from Territories, 184; government of, 184-193; education in, 357 Dingley Bill, 332
Direct nominations, 231 Dispensary system, 395 District Courts (federal), organi- zation of, 148, 150; jurisdiction of, 156 District Courts (State), 178-180 District of Columbia, government of, 188; courts in, 151
344; held under State authority, 344; casting and counting of ballots, 345; secret, 346; bribery at, 347; should be frequent, 349 Elective franchise, 103 Electorate, the American, 105 Electors, presidential, 132, 231 Elkins Law, 339 Embargo, 329
Emergency Currency, 325 England, representative govern- ment in, 18; the three-depart- ment system in, 25; Trade Unions in, 370 Equalization of taxes, 283 Equity Cases, 155; courts, 181 Erie Canal, 340
Estimates, Board of, 220 Excises, defined, 268; source of federal revenue, 275 Executive, the, 28
Exemption from taxation, 285 Expansion, of the Union, 63–70; spirit of federal, 70 Expenditures, national, 265, 272- 275; State, 266, 280; local, 280, 286, 291-293
Ex post facto laws, 50
Family, the ancient, 4 Federal government. See Govern- ment (federal) Federalist Party, 81 Fees, 268
Georgia, early legislature of, 162; election of judges in, 177; local government in, 196; sale of li- quor in, 395 Gerrymandering, 119 Gold, monetary properties of, 306; coinage of, 311, 315 Government, defined, 4; the several types of, 6; classification of, 7; and the individual, 15; separa- tion of the powers of, 24; the complexity of the American, 39; ideal schemes of, 246; how it borrows, 288
Government, civil, and martial law, 254
Government, constitutional, 31-37 Government (federal), 38; growth of American, 39-49; its exclusive powers, 49; powers prohibited to, 50; implied powers, 51; rela- tion of, to the State, 57; expan- sive principle of, 70; its relation to commerce, 329; and elections, 344; and education, 357; and corporations, 360; and labor, 371; and charity, 385; and crime, 380
Government (local), the functions of, 72; its relation to the State, 74; decentralization of, 74; its dependence, 77; guaranteed by Magna Carta, 89; importance of,
195; the debts of, 291-293; con- trols education, 353; dispenses charity, 385
Government (popular), 9-15; de- fined, 9; growth of, 10-12; in the United States, 12; why it is the best, 12; the dangers of, 13; responsibility under, 15, 109; in New England, 19
Government (representative), 17- 22; defined, 17; beginning of, 18; growth of, 18; in the United States, 19; principles of repre- sentation, 19
Governor, the duties of, 171; strengthening the power of, 174 Grand jury, 179 Greenback party, 82 Greenbacks. See United States
Gresham's Law, 312 Guam, the government of, 192
Habeas Corpus, 89, 98 Hamilton, Alexander, efforts to strengthen the Union, 46; his doctrine of resulting powers, 52; author of The Federalist, 62; leader of the Federalist party, 81; and public debt, 289; and the United States bank, 319 Hawaii, its government, 189 Health, 391
High license, 394 High Schools, 356
House of Representatives, organi- zation of, 115-119; legislation in, 124-127; revenue bills origi- nate in, 274; its attitude in ref- erence to treaties, 261 Hundred, the, in Anglo-Saxon times, 18; in Delaware, 210
Idaho, admission of, 69; woman suffrage in, 105; labor clause in constitution of, 372
Illinois, admission of, 66; minority
Indifference, 13 Individualism, 239 Industrial commission, its remedies for the trusts, 366 Industrial revolution, 361 Inheritance tax, 267
Initiative and Referendum, 167 Injunction, writ of, 182 Intelligence, transmission of, 341 Intemperance, 393-395 Interior, Department of, 142 Internal revenue taxes, 268, 275 International bimetallism, 316 International law, defined, 257; rules of, 257
International relations, 256-262 Interstate commerce, 337-339 Interstate Commerce Commission, organization of, 143; its powers,
Interstate relation, 58 Iowa, admission of, 68; revision of constitution in, 36; townships in, 211; registration in, 345; debt of, 291
Jackson, Andrew, his use of the veto, 135; opposes United States banks, 320
Jay, John, quoted, 152; Jay's Treaty, 261
Jefferson, Thomas, his strict con- struction views, 52; leader of Democratic Party, 81; reduces national debt, 290; opposes banks of the United States, 320 Judiciary, its powers, 27 Judiciary Act of 1789, 148 Judiciary (the federal), 147-160; the independence of, 147; organ- ization of, 148-151; jurisdiction of, 155-160
Judiciary (State), 177-182 Jurisdiction, the several kinds of, 155
Jury, trial by, 89, 155, 179 Justice, Department of, 141 Justices of the Peace, 178
Kansas, admission of, 68; town- ship government in, 211; regis- tration in, 345; prohibition in,
Kentucky, admission of, 64; local government in, 196; registration in, 345
Labor, 369-375; growth of labor organizations, 369-371; laws con- cerning, 372; settlement of labor disputes, 373; arbitration of la- bor disputes, 375; problems of, 375
Law, 242-248; definition of, 242; classification of laws, 243; pub- lic law, 242; private law, 243; common law, 243; characteristic features of law, 244; and public opinion, 245-247; sumptuary, 247; obedience to, 247; martial,
Legislature, its powers, 26; the bi- cameral, 27 Legislature (State), organization of, 162-167; its control of mu- nicipalities, 76; general features
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