of the United States. Its inhabitants are citizens of Porto Rico and are entitled to the protection of the United States, but they are not American citizens.

III. The Philippine Islands. In February, 1899, after the Philippine Islands had been ceded to the United States by the treaty of Paris, the following resolution was passed by Congress:

Resolved, etc., That by the ratification of the treaty of peace with Spain it is not intended to incorporate the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands into citizenship of the United States, nor is it intended to permanently annex said islands as an integral part of the territory of the United States; but it is the intention of the United States to establish in said islands a government suitable to the wants and conditions of the inhabitants of said islands to prepare them for self-government, and in due time to make such disposition of said islands as will best promote the interests of the citizens of the United States and the inhabitants of said islands.

In accordance with the spirit of the above resolution, Congress has given to the Filipinos the form of government which has seemed best suited to their needs, changing the form from time to time as conditions on the islands have changed. At present (1909) the executive department of the Philippine Islands consists of a Governor-General, a secretary of the interior, a secretary of commerce and police, a secretary of justice and finance, and a secretary of public instruction, all appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The legislative department consists of a lower house elected by the people and of an upper house composed of the executive officers named above and four members appointed by the President. It will be observed that the government of the Philippine Islands closely resembles the government of Porto Rico. The Filipinos are not citizens of the United States, but they enjoy many of the rights of American citizenship.

The Philippine Islands have no delegate in Congress, yet they are permitted to send to Washington two commissioners who appear before the committees of Congress and represent the interests of the islands.

The judicial system of the Islands includes a supreme court, consisting of a chief justice and six associate justices, courts of general trial for the provinces, and justices' courts for the municipalities. The judges of the supreme court are appointed by the President of the United States, but the judges of the provincial courts and the justices of the peace are appointed by the governor of the island. Cases may be carried by appeal from the supreme court of the island to the Supreme Court of the United States.

The archipelago is divided for governmental purposes into provinces, and the provinces into municipalities. Each province has a governor, a secretary, a treasurer and a supervisor of public buildings, roads, bridges and ferries. The provincial officers, with the exception of the governor, are appointed by the commission. The municipality has a mayor and a body of municipal councillors elected by the qualified voters of the municipality. These municipal councillors elect the governor of the province. In respect to local affairs government in the Philippines is of the centralized type, for the commission has large control over the province and the province has large control over the municipality.

IV. Guam and Samoa (Tutuila). Governmental power in these islands is vested in the naval officers who happen to be in command of the naval station. As a matter of fact the inhabitants of the islands in a large degree govern themselves. At times, however, it is necessary for the naval officer to interpose his authority, and upon such occasions his orders have the force of laws.

The Attitude of the United States toward Dependencies. The extension of our political influence into Porto Rico and the Philippines was perhaps an unavoidable incident

in our growth as a nation. Certainly for good or for evil we have made these islands our wards, and our duty in respect to them ought to be clear: we ought to administer their affairs, not with a view to our own advancement, but with a view to their advancement and profit. Such a policy is in accordance with the American spirit. The United States has always been the possessor of large regions of dependent territory, but it has never oppressed its dependencies, and has never regarded them as fields to be exploited for the sole benefit of citizens at home. It has always promoted the welfare of its wards and accorded to them as large a measure of self-government as was practicable. This has been our policy in the past, is our avowed policy now, and will continue to be our policy as long as we are true to our best political instincts.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT

1. In what two respects does a Territory differ from a Dependency? 2. To what extent has Congress power over Territories and Dependencies? How has it used this power?

3. Name the Territories and Dependencies on the American Continent.

66

4. Describe the government of Arizona; of Indian Territory"; of the District of Columbia; of Alaska; of the Panama Canal Strip. 5. Name the Insular Territories and Dependencies.

6. Describe the government of Hawaii; of Porto Rico; of the Philippine Islands; of Guam and Samoa.

7. Describe the attitude maintained by the United States toward its dependencies.

SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. Name the Territories properly so called; name the Dependencies. 2. Prepare a table showing the population and area of each of the Territories and Dependencies and give the totals.

3. Name the Territories in the order in which they are likely to be admitted as States.

4. Name the five Indian Tribes of Indian Territory."

5. What does the Constitution say about Indians?

6. Why was the capital of the United States placed under the exclusive control of Congress?

7. Prepare a paper about the city of Washington, giving the munici

pal history of the city, and describing its public buildings, its monuments, and its environs.

8. What measures are usually taken by Congress for the admission of a Territory into the Union? (See p. 66.)

Topics for Special Work.-The Territories: 2, 397-402. The Transmarine Possessions: 2, 402-409. For a full account of our Territories and Dependencies see "Territories and Dependencies of the United States' by W. F. Willoughby.

XXVI

THE COUNTY

The Importance of Local Government. Most of the everyday work of government rests upon the localities,-upon cities, villages, counties, townships. It requires about five times as much money to support local government as it does to support the State government. This means that the former renders about five times as much service as the latter. The federal government and the State government are far away; the local government is at one's back door and front door. The larger governments may act inefficiently or corruptly without immediate inconvenience to the citizen, but if the local government neglects the roads and streets, or manages the schools unwisely, or wastes money, the results of its evil course are felt at once. Because it touches one at so many points, and is so near to one, local government is a subject which may rightly demand a liberal share of our attention. We have already considered local government in its broad aspects, and in respect to its relations to the higher State government. We shall now study the organization of the several kinds of local government beginning with the county.

The County in the South and Southwest. The county as a unit of local government is the most widely established of American political institutions. Excepting the inhabitants of the cities of Washington, St. Louis and Baltimore, everybody in the United States lives in a county, for every State and Territory is divided into counties. Altogether there are about three thousand counties in the United States.