Center for Law and Education 14 Appian Way, Larsen Hall, 6th Fl. 236 Massachusetts Ave., NE Washington, DC 20002 (202) 546-5300 Center for Law and Social Policy 1616 P St., NW, Suite 350 Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law 95 Madison Ave., Room 701 New York, NY 10016 (212) 679-3709 1029 Vermont Ave., NW Washington, DC 20005 (202) 347-5615 SPECIALIZED LITIGATION AND SUPPORT CENTERS *Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund 2212 Sixth St. Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 644-2555 1616 P St NW., Suite 100 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 328-5160 *Farmers' Legal Action Group, Inc. 1301 Minnesota Bldg. 46 E. 4th St. St. Paul, MN 55101 (612) 223-5400 Food Research and Action Center (FRAC) 1319 F. St., NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20004 (202) 393-5060 Indian Law Support Center, Native American Rights Fund 1506 Broadway Boulder, CO 80302 (303) 447-8760 1712 N St., NW Washington, DC 20036-2976 (202) 785-4166 310 K St., Suite 708 Anchorage, AK 99501 (907) 276-0680 Michael Leonard, Executive Director Nancy Carey, CALR Clerk Debra Marks Davis, Order Dep't Clerk Law Clerks: Alfonso Casal, Laura Clukey, The Clearinghouse encourages submission of articles from legal services field staff and others. Manuscripts should be typewritten, double-spaced, with the footnotes double-spaced at the end of the article. Articles intended for the Management of Legal Services section should be sent to the Management Department Editor, National Clearinghouse for Legal Services, Inc., 407 South Dearborn, Suite 400, Chicago, IL 60605. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as representing the opinions or policy of the organizations by which they are employed or the National Clearinghouse for Legal Services, Inc. Annual Subscription price: free to attorneys and paralegals practicing in LSC-funded programs; $95 for subscriptions outside the Continental United States; $75 to all others. Back issues are available at a cost of $6.00 per copy. Copyright © 1987 by National Clearinghouse for Legal Services, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN 0009-868X Toward Reform of the Welfare System: Is Consensus Emerging?, by Paula Roberts and Rhoda Schulzinger .... In the last year, politicians, policymakers, and academics representing different disciplines and political viewpoints, alarmed at the increase in poverty, have begun to suggest ways to reform the social welfare system; this article provides a beginning framework for analysis of welfare reform and reviews the major proposals now being circulated. Medicaid Transplant Litigation Proliferates, National Health Law Program In the past six months, there has been a substantial increase in Medicaid organ transplant litigation, and advocates have been increasingly successful in their courtroom efforts. Continuing Care Retirement Communities: Some Issues for State Long-Term Care Policy, National Senior Citizens Law Center........... The development of continuing care retirement communities-facilities that promise housing, meals, and some form of health service in return for an entrance fee and payment of monthly charges-raises consumer protection and residents' rights issues, as well as Medicaid-related Cost Containment in the Legal Services Environment, by Nina Coil.......... This month's Management Column discusses various cost-containment mechanisms legal services programs may choose when forced to make cutbacks, and their likely effects on staff Sweeping Changes in Immigration Laws Affect Aliens' Rights to Work and Legalize Their Status, by Susan Drake, Beth Zacovic, Charles Wheeler, and Tina Poplawski . Beginning in May 1987, an estimated 2.2 million aliens who have lived in the United States an overview of the major provisions on legalization and employer sanctions in the new Toward Reform of the by Paula Roberts and Rhoda Schulzinger 0 I. Introduction When people refer to the "welfare system," they usually mean programs designed to help poor families with children. These generally include Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), food stamps, Medicaid, and, for some, the supplemental security income (SSI) program. Currently, many very poor families are ineligible for AFDC and Medicaid. In fact, in 1984, barely half of the poor children in America received AFDC.' Even if a family is lucky enough to qualify for AFDC, benefits are meager. For example, in January 1986, a family of four in Alabama could receive a maximum grant of $147 per month; a similar family in Maryland could receive no more than $395 each month.2 Even with the addition of food stamps, few families receive a combination of benefits sufficient to move them out of poverty. Moreover, the purchasing power of benefits has declined: in the typical state, benefits are now 33 percent lower than in 1970, after adjustment for inflation.3 As a result, despite what are perceived to be large federal expenditures, poverty is widespread in America. For some groups, it is unconscionable. For example, in 1984, children who lived in single-parent, female-headed families had a poverty rate of 54 percent. Children living in black families 4 Despite what are perceived to be large federal expenditures, poverty is widespread in America. Paula Roberts and Rhoda Schulzinger are attorneys at the Center for Law and Social Policy, 1616 P St., NW, Suite 350, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 328-5140. Funds for this research paper were provided by the Max and Anna Levinson, Ford, and Charles H. Revson Foundations. The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors. 1. HOUSE SELECT COMM. ON CHILDREN, YOUTH, & FAMILIES, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS: ARE THEY REACHING POOR CHILDREN?, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 27 (1986). 2. Id. at 44. 3. Congressional Research Services, unpublished data. 4. CHILDREN'S DEFENSE FUND, A CHILDREN'S DEFENSE BUDGET 338 (1986). Public opinion polls show that most Americans would like to see the federal government eradicate this poverty. Yet, while there is consensus on this goal, there is deep division on how to attain it. In the past, this division has prevented the achievement of welfare reform. In the last year, however, politicians, policymakers, and academics representing different. disciplines and political viewpoints, alarmed at the increase in poverty, have begun to suggest ways to reform the social welfare system. Some of these ideas may actually be implemented. If they are, low-income people will be profoundly affected. For this reason, advocates need to be aware of the proposed changes and what they could mean. This article is intended to provide a beginning framework for analysis. It starts with a brief overview of the economic realities, philosophical perspectives, and social experiments that have combined to re-ignite interest in welfare reform. Next, it reviews the major proposals now being circulated. Then, it examines the political climate for indications of the possibility that reform can be achieved in the near future. Finally, it contains a bibliography of materials with which advocates may wish to become familiar. Those seriously interested in welfare reform can use this as a starting point for their own work. The authors have also prepared a chart outlining the major proposals, which is available from the Center for Law and Social Policy. II. The Basics of the Debate A. Economic Issues Any meaningful discussion of welfare reform must start with a consideration of America's current economic status. On the bright side, taxes, inflation, and interest rates are down. Per capita income and the number of new jobs in the economy are 5. Id. 6. Lewis & Schreider, Hard Times: The Public on Poverty, PUB. OPINION, June/July 1985. |