printing may be substituted for each other, for certain purposes, and that Morse's art could be substituted for either of them for certain purposes, yet that neither the arts of printing nor of writing are capable of being substituted to perform the achievements

of his art.

In order to establish these positions, and to maintain that Morse's art is fully equal to either the art of printing or the art of writing, in the corresponding peculiar characteristic features which constitute them arts and different arts, and that Morse's art not only possesses an equal number of such peculiar features, but also an important additional characteristic, to which neither the art of printing nor the art of writing has any corresponding feature, and by which Morse's art is rendered more peculiar than either of them, and more unlike each of them than they are unlike each other, and in this respect has ascended the highest in the scale of novelty and individual identity, I will here submit a comparative analysis.

1st. The arts of printing and writing each contain an intermediate symbolical representation of thoughts or ideas in communicating between distant minds, and to this extent those two arts are alike. But Morse's art also possesses this character, and in that respect is equal to either of them.

2d. This symbolical representation in both the art of printing and the art of writing is a permanent record of the thoughts, and to this extent, also, they are alike. But the same again is true of Morse's art, and in that respect, also, his is equal to either of them.

3d. The symbols or signs, by which the intermediate representation of thoughts or ideas is made in the exercise of the arts of printing and writing, differ; each system of symbols being peculiar to itself, possessing distinctive characteristics, and is adapted to the particular process by which the signs are formed, and in this the arts of printing and of writing differ. But this is true also of Morse's art, his system of symbols or characters is peculiar in itself, possessing distinctive characteristics, and is adapted to the particular process by which the signs are formed, and in that respect, also, his art is equal to either of the other two.

4th. In the arts of printing and writing, the processes, or acts of forming the peculiar symbols or product, differ, as well as the product itself, each process being peculiar to itself, and in that respect they are also dissimilar. But this, again, is true with Morse's art, his process in forming his symbols or signs is peculiar to itself and dissimilar to that of either writing or printing, and in this respect, also, his art maintains its equality with either of the other two.

5th. The exercise of either the arts of printing or writing requires machinery or apparatus peculiar to each, and although

this machinery or apparatus is not the art in either case, but only belongs to the conditions of its exercise, yet they differ in that condition. But this is also true of Morse's art, and in that respect his loses nothing in a comparison with either of the other two. 6th. In both the art of printing and the art of writing, the intermediate permanent representation of thought is made at the place of the communicating mind, and not at the distant place of the receiving mind; and in this peculiarity, those two arts are alike, both being exercised at the place of the mind imparting the thought, and have no ability to do otherwise. But in Morse's art the symbolical representation is made, or in other words, the result is developed at the distant place of the receiving mind, that is, at the place of the mind to which the thoughts are communicated; that is, it records its characters telegraphically, and in this it leaves the other two arts, with which it is being compared, in the accomplishment of achievements by this additional novel characteristic, which neither of the other two have ability to perform, or are of a nature to perform.

And now assuming, what of course cannot be denied, that printing is an art, and that writing is an art, and that they are different arts, and supposing that I have succeeded in showing that they differ from each other, as patentable arts, only in the product and the act or process of producing it, and that Morse's art in telegraphing is equal to either of them in both of those respects, both in the number and novelty of the features, it then must follow, from this alone, that his art is complete and perfect as a patentable art, and is entitled to a rank and a sisterhood with the art of printing and the art of writing.

But his art possessing, as it does, the third new characteristic, being the function or ability of recording its symbols or characters at the distant place of the mind receiving the communication, his art becomes, not only equal, but far superior to either the art of printing or the art of writing, and this too in distinctive characteristics peculiar to itself in kind, in function, and in results, and which are of great utility.

But great lamentation comes up to this Court from these infringers, because Morse claims his mode of making and employing sounds, and it will be, therefore, proper to notice here the subject-matter of this part of Morse's invention. This system of sounds does not imply the use of sounds in general, but it is a peculiar production, and use of systematized interpretable sounds, and not only so, but the sounds constituting the system, are the product of the same process, and from the use of the same apparatus as is employed in the exercise of Morse's art of recording; and these sounds are so strictly allied to, and so uniformly accompany the formation of the record, that each may be employed as an interpreter of the other; in short, the one is

the written and the other the spoken language of his messenger of thought. It is a twofold expression of the intelligence communicated. His system of sounds, therefore, will be found to be an accompaniment of the process of recording; and its use as a substitute for the record will be found to be only a modification in the art which I have already illustrated.

Art. II.-COPPER BATTERY FOR TELEGRAPHING.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTERY-DIRECTIONS FOR ITS USE-ADVANTAGES DERIVED AS COMPARED WITH THE GROVE.

WE give below the plan and directions for building and maintaining the Copper Battery, as adopted by Judge Caton, President of the Illinois and Mississippi Telegraph Company. This battery is now in use on that line, and has been for several months. Thus far it serves the purposes very well. Judge Caton thinks that it will excel the Grove Battery in many points, and being less expensive, not requiring rebuilding as often, equally as simple, and with other considerations, will ultimately, in a great degree, supersede the Grove Battery.

THE COPPER BATTERY.

Directions for setting up and maintaining the Copper Battery.-The materials which we use for this battery are a glass or glazed stone jar, a sheet copper cylinder, a porous cup, a zinc cup, sulphate of copper, and rain water. First, within the glass jar place the copper cylinder, and within that the porous cup, and within that the zinc cup. The copper cylinder may be left open at the sides and both ends,-the copper of one jar is then connected with the zinc of another, and so on through the series. This I usually do by soldering a strip of sheet copper, half an inch wide, and six or eight inches long, to the arm of the zinc cup. Another similar strip is attached to the copper cylinder. The detached ends of each of these strips should be turned over for half or three-fourths of an inch, in the form of a close hook, the one up and the other down, so that they can be hooked together, and make a close connection.* All the coppers and zincs being thus connected, and the conducting wires (either ground or line wires) being connected at one end of the battery with the zinc, and at the other end with the copper, the porous cup should be nearly filled with pure rain water, and the outside jar should be filled, to within say half an inch of the top of the porous cup, with a strong solution of sulphate of copper, and into this solution should also be placed some crystals of

* A soldered connection is preferable.

sulphate of copper, from time to time, so as always to be certain that there are some not dissolved remaining in the jar. When the battery is thus set up, and the poles are connected so as to complete the circuit, it must stand about one day before it will attain its proper strength. If it is necessary to use it immedi. ately, add a few drops of sulphuric acid to the water in the porous cup; but this should not be done if it can be avoided, as I think the battery is better without it after a day or two.

The sulphate of copper has a tendency to work over, both the edge of the porous cup and of the outside jar, so much so as to form a connection between the jars, if they are not very well insulated from each other. To guard against this, before the battery is set up melt some beeswax, and with a small brush spread a thin coat around the top of the porous cup, and also around the inside of the upper edge of the glass jar. This coat of beeswax will remain for a considerable time, and will present an impassable barrier to the sulphate of copper, and must be renewed whenever necessary. Tallow or other fat will answer, but will want renewing oftener.

The water in the porous cup will soon become a solution of sulphate of zinc, and in say a month, will become so strong a solution, as to impede the working of the battery. As often as once a month, at least, one-third of the contents of the porous cup should be poured off to be retained, and the balance thrown away. The portion saved should then be returned, and the cup again filled with fresh water.

As often as once a month the zinc should be taken off, and a black crust or scale will be found on the outside of the unconsumed zinc: this should be knocked or scraped off. Some of the porous cups are liable to crack, so as to allow the two liquids to run together. When this is the case, they must be replaced with new ones. Sometimes they will receive a deposit of copper; but those made of Ottaway clay are not liable to this, or to crack to any extent.

It

Although this battery may sometimes work well for several months without any attention, except to keep it supplied with sulphate of copper, yet it should never be allowed to stand more than a month without being overhauled as above. may, indeed, work tolerably well till the zinc is entirely consumed, while the zinc-cup still retains its full size and form, which on examination will be found to consist of a residuum resembling hard black clay. This, however, should be removed occasionally, as above suggested.*

* Saturday night should always be selected for cleaning the battery, and the circuit left on over Sunday, and by Monday morning it will have attained its proper strength.

There is no gas arising from this battery, as there is from the Grove battery; hence the local may be placed as close to the table as possible. This, like the Grove battery, should never be allowed to get frozen. It requires about one-third more cups than the Grove, with the same zinc surface, to attain a given strength of current, but is more economical. The only material consumed is the sulphate of copper and zinc, and it affords a much more uniform working circuit. I usually allow three cups for a local battery.

If the above directions are well understood, and carefully followed, no trouble need ever be experienced in working this battery.

Art. III-EARLY HISTORY OF GALVANIC ELECTRICITY.*

GALVANI AND VOLTA-OERSTED AND AMPERE-ELECTRO-MAGNETISM-BATTERY EXPERIMENTS-DISCOVERER OF THE

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

It was reserved for accident to lead to the discovery of two distinct primary properties in electricity. How much do we not already owe to accident for beneficial results! We are informed by concurrent testimony, that the lady of Galvani, Professor of Anatomy in Boulogne, was seized (1790) with a severe cold, for which her physician advised frog-soup, or broth. Some frogs were obtained, and by chance were laid near an electrical machine, in the Professor's laboratory. An assistant had occasion to use the machine, and he observed that as often as sparks were emitted, the limbs of the dead frogs would move as if instinct with life. Astonished at what he saw, the assistant hastened to inform the Professor of the wonder, and the latter attended to witness the fact for himself. Becoming deeply interested in a phenomenon so perplexing, and entirely new to him, Galvani tried other experiments, and ascertained that the results which followed the use of the conductors were similar to those which followed the use of the apparatus. Galvani was now satisfied that he had touched the spring of a profound secret, and he resolved to prosecute the study of its key at once. For this purpose he had a number of the legs prepared and electrified, which he hung up by copper hooks in front of an iron balcony. To his utter amazement, the limbs were thrown into strong convulsions, and continued to labor violently so long as they were kept in this situation. From this additional circumstance, Galvani proceeded to propound his theory, which was the doctrine of animal magnetism, or galvanism; in other words, the

* From De Bow's Review.