he ordained his and the Knights-Companions' robes and ornaments to be all alike, both for materials and fashion, intimating thereby, that they ought to conserve brotherly love among

themselves.

The great collar of the Order was made of equal weight, and like number of knots and links, in token of the like bond of faith, peace and amity, inviolably to be observed and retained. amongst them. In fact, all things were so designed, that every one might plainly perceive how much these things tended to the maintenance of fellowship and concord.

In 'further reference to the establishment of this Order, King Edward, calling together the Earls, Barons and principal Knights of his kingdom, "freely and obligingly declared his mind to them concerning this affair," and according to Froissart, "all of them being well inclined, entertained the motion with equal joy and applause, deeming it would prove a very great advancement to Piety, Nobility and Virtue, and likewise an excellent expedient for the uniting, not only his subjects one with another, but all foreigners, conjunctively with them, in the bonds of amity and peace."

In order to make the institution more binding in fraternal association, and to draw the tie of friendship more close, the king caused those who were of the Order to be called Fellows, Associates, Colleagues, Brethren, and Knights-Companions. He styled the Order a Society, Fellowship, College of Knights, and Knights' Companionship. Their habits or dress to be all alike, to represent how they ought to be united in all the turns of fortune, and through the course of their lives to show fidelity and friendship towards each other. Ashmole gives the cause of the institution, to "fortifie the confidence of the King, the Kingdom, and Martial Vertue; that is to say, to strengthen the Faith of the Subjects towards them, and for their greater Security; and because the Garter carries with it a Bond or Tye of Fellowship, and is a Symbol of Amity between Princes, being Companions of the same Order."

The statutes of King Henry VIII., in an act pertaining to the order, says that it was instituted "for the Honor of God and Exaltation of the Catholick Faith, joyn'd both with Piety and Charity, in establishing a College of religious Men to pray for the Prosperity of the Sovereign of the Order and the KnightsCompanions, and to perform other Holy Duties; as also ordaining a Maintenance for a Company of Alms-Knights, who have not otherwise wherewith to support themselves."

We have now given the cause and objects of the institution. of the Order of the Garter, one of the most noble orders ever blended with Sovereign custom. None were admitted but gentlemen of royal blood, and without reproach. The feasts and

meetings were regular for several centuries, and at this day partake in the customs of the aristocracy of England. The Garter will be found in the heraldry of the higher orders, and the Sovereign Arms. The color of the Garter is blue, and the circumscription gold. The King having laid claim by his title to the Kingdom of France, and in right thereof assumed its Arms, he, from the color of them, caused the Garter to be made blue, as aforesaid.

The motto adopted was, Honi soit qui mal y pense-that he retorted shame and defiance upon him that should dare to think amiss of so just an enterprise as he had undertaken for recovering of his lawful right to that crown; and that the magnanimity and bravery of those Knights whom he had elected into this Order, was such as would empower and enable them to maintain the king's rights against all who thought ill of them. The Sovereign, on the assemblage of the Sir Knights, concluded his lecture by solemnly cautioning them to "be of one mind, love each other, defend the rights and reputation of the brethren, not to admit anything in their actions, or among their thoughts, derogatory to themselves and their HONOR."

As to the time the Order of the Garter was instituted historians widely differ. Selden, Cowper, and others say the eighteenth year of King Edward III.; but others contend that the time was later, and that the claimants for the above time confound it with the Order of the Round Table, at Windsor, being the place of both. Judging from the views expressed by the authors whom we have consulted, it was instituted in the twenty-third year of Edward III., or A. D. 1350.

The orders of honor were in the habit of electing some patron, to whom they were dedicated. The Garter was dedicated to several; among them were the Holy Trinity, the Virgin Mary, St. Edward the Confessor, and St. George of Cappadocia.

Of these patrons, the most prominent in symbolic reverence was St. George, who was deemed a most choice champion of Christ, and famous martyr. The cause of electing St. George a patron was because, as was firmly believed, in those wars which were waged by the Christians against Infidels, he, by several appearances, manifested his presence as a most certain encourager and assistant to the Christians, the relations whereof may be seen in history, particularly Heylius', who hath judiciously maintained the history of this saint against those who will not allow him a place in Heaven, or a being in the Church. In like manner the learned Selden hath maintained St. George to be the special Patron, Protector, Defender, and Advocate of the realm of England, and shows in what veneration he has ever been regarded by the nation. This title of patron to the English nation is given to St. George by the founder of this

Order, in a patent granted to the Dean and Canons of the Chapel of St. Stephen at Westminster, and St. George at Windsor. And though in general he was styled the principal Patron of the affairs of Christendom, and a guardian of military men, yet, among all Christians, the English did excel; and the founder of this Order, in making choice of such an approved and expert patron, in particular respect of whom the Knights had the title of Equites Georgiani, St. George's Knights; and the Order itself came to be called the Ordo Divi Sancti Georgii, the ORDER OF ST. GEORGE. The badge and jewels were composed of the Garter and St. George's Cross, and those symbols remain as part of the Arms of Great Britain and provinces to this day. The cross is seen on the British flag, being the rightangled cross, joined with St. Andrew's, as before described.

Art. V.-TELEGRAPH REGISTER, MAGNET, AND KEY.

PERFECT AND IMPERFECT INSTRUMENTS-DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE IMPERFECT-DESCRIPTION OF NEW REGISTER-ENGRAVINGS

SPRING AND WEIGHT DRUMS-PAPER ADJUSTMENT

RECEIVING MAGNET-TWO SIZES-KEY AND

CIRCUIT BREAKER-KEY WITHOUT

CIRCUIT BREAKER.

IN the January number of the TELEGRAPH COMPANION, we announced, in the official circular on the subject of supplies, that it was our purpose to devise a system of machinery for the telegraph enterprise, that would likely be capable of longer service than those in use heretofore. We were aware that the consummation of that purpose required the highest order of mechanical skill as well as scientific attainments. We consulted many practical and expert telegraphers, and carefully considered each suggestion. As to mechanics, we had the aid of that masterspirit, Col. Richard M. Hoe, of New-York, who is known to all the world as unrivalled in theoretical and practical mechanic arts. To him we are indebted for valuable aid in perfecting the machines now presented.

The instruments now in use are as diversified as the flowers of the prairies. Scarcely two alike! Some have been gotten up for utility, others again for fancy. In speaking thus, we have no particular reference to any one, nor do we desire our remarks to be considered as personal, for we rank ourselves with those who have been the victims of these misfortunes. Some years ago we constructed a line of telegraph, intending it to be a "model line." No pains were spared to perfect its erection. The machinery was to be the best. Our associate purchased extra registers for the two main offices-$80 was the price for each.

They looked beautiful, and being of the harp shape, no one could look at them, appearing in their beautiful and golden glitter, without imagining old David with his long beard, playing his beautiful songs. It was about the days of Jenny Lind, and their appropriateness seemed in beautiful harmony! But these beautiful-shaped things soon proved to be about as useful as the gaudy butterfly. Ere they were in use a few months, they broke and continued to break, and no means of repairing at hand, the loss to the line was heavy, and sad to the empty treasury.

One thousand dollars would not repay that line for the losses sustained by those faulty machines. We could cite a book full of cases, where companies have suffered by the misfortune of the breaking of a single wheel. The whole machine had to be packed up and sent off by boat, railroad, or wagon, to some distant city, to have that one wheel repaired. Sometimes the box would remain in store until advertised, or some extra effort made to find it. The machine when repaired and sent back, in the transportation and hard usage, would frequently break material parts, causing additional trouble. These, and tenfold more, are truths, that cannot be disputed. We know them to be so, because we have experienced them, and we know others have had like misfortunes to occur with them.

It must be remembered that the builders of a line are responsible for many of these losses, but they are beyond the pale of accountability. The line is delivered to the Company, and they are no longer responsible. Companies ought to look to these points, and see that they are not imposed upon. We have known some builders to purchase cheap machines, anything that would answer until the line was accepted by the Company. They bargain to construct a good line, and furnish all machinery"to put the line in complete working order." Their obligation to furnish good instruments ought to be as sacred as any other promise. Some care not for the ultimate prosperity of the line, but only to have the line built cheap, and get it off their hands-cheap wire, cheap poles, cheap machines-then deliver the line in a hurry before the faults are discovered. The public ought to look to these questions. Examine the line thoroughly, and let it be done by one fully qualified. One who can tell the difference between pot metal wire and good wire, between a cheap instrument and one made for service. Let these matters be looked after, and lines will do much better after they commence. Many that have soon run in debt, would have paid something on the stock. Instead of being useless and vexatious nuisances in society, the people would realize the blessings of the telegraph and venerate the inventor's name, and hail the presence of the constructor and all who partake in the management of the line.

To enable companies and builders of lines to shun the serious evils before alluded to, we have been earnest in our efforts to present to them the proper guards, in the form of an instrument simple in construction, and designed for service in the enterprise. We have disregarded the overwhelming appeals of form, as some gentlemen preferred the scroll, some the harp, the crescent, the cross, the garter, the lone star, and we presume some would have them fashioned after the original fig-leaf, and "made of the very best hammered brass!"

The original Register, invented by Professor Morse, has never been improved upon, nor do we see how it can be. Effort after effort has been made to adopt equivalents, claimed as superior, but sooner or later laid aside, and the original resorted to. The Register we now offer is nothing new, except the peculiar mode of placing the original combinations for more convenience. Various experiments have been resorted to in its perfection. Many had to be made ere the present completeness was attained. These experiments cost money, time, and labor. No one can estimate the exercise of mental reflection required. We will not go further, however, with these remarks, but will proceed at once to describe the machines represented in the engravings accompanying.

THE REGISTER.

The Register, or Instrument, is known in the Morse patents as the Recording Register, but, for abbreviation, we usually call it the Register, which may be considered its legitimate name. An explanation of its functions in the art of telegraphing we do not deem necessary at present, as it is very well understood by telegraphers, and it is to them that we are addressing these remarks. We purpose giving the arrangements of construction as to mechanics only, waiving, for the present, questions of science, promising to take these up on a future occasion.

Plate I. is a skeleton view of the Register, with the combination of wheels required to run the rollers which move the paper from the pen point. No. 1 is the driving wheel or drum, acting either as a weight or spring drum. The cogs of this wheel acting in the pinion cogs of wheel No. 2, and the cogs of wheel No. 2 in the pinion cogs of wheel No. 3, and the cogs of this wheel in the pinion cogs of wheel No. 4, and the cogs of this wheel in the pinion cogs of fly wheel No. 5, and thus the machine is put in full motion. Letter A is the side frame, and is a projecting screw through the sides A. All the wheels act in these screws, made of the very best metal, securing long service. In the plate, we have left off the caps, or nuts, which are