Social EmpiricismMIT Press, 2007. gada 26. janv. - 196 lappuses For the last forty years, two claims have been at the core of disputes about scientific change: that scientists reason rationally and that science is progressive. For most of this time discussions were polarized between philosophers, who defended traditional Enlightenment ideas about rationality and progress, and sociologists, who espoused relativism and constructivism. Recently, creative new ideas going beyond the polarized positions have come from the history of science, feminist criticism of science, psychology of science, and anthropology of science. Addressing the traditional arguments as well as building on these new ideas, Miriam Solomon constructs a new epistemology of science. After discussions of the nature of empirical success and its relation to truth, Solomon offers a new, social account of scientific rationality. She shows that the pursuit of empirical success and truth can be consistent with both dissent and consensus, and that the distinction between dissent and consensus is of little epistemic significance. In building this social epistemology of science, she shows that scientific communities are not merely the locus of distributed expert knowledge and a resource for criticism but also the site of distributed decision making. Throughout, she illustrates her ideas with case studies from late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century physical and life sciences. Replacing the traditional focus on methods and heuristics to be applied by individual scientists, Solomon emphasizes science funding, administration, and policy. One of her goals is to have a positive influence on scientific decision making through practical social recommendations. |
Saturs
Introduction | 1 |
Empirical Success | 15 |
2 Empirical Success and Theoretical Success | 16 |
3 Defining Empirical Success | 21 |
Whig Realism | 33 |
2 Scientific Realists and Antirealists | 34 |
3 Kitchers Recent Defense of Realism | 36 |
4 Discussion of Kitchers Views | 37 |
4 Consensus on the Central Dogma | 109 |
5 Comments | 114 |
Social Empiricism | 117 |
2 Consensus on Plate Tectonics | 120 |
3 Consensus on the Central Dogma | 122 |
4 Consensus on the Variability Hypothesis | 123 |
5 Consensus on a Surgical Practice | 124 |
6 Consensus on the Ovulation Theory of Menstruation | 126 |
5 Whig Realism | 38 |
6 Evidence for Whig Realism | 42 |
7 Methodological Import of Whig Realism | 48 |
Decision Vectors | 51 |
2 Survey of Decision Vectors | 55 |
Dissent | 65 |
An Example of Good Distribution of Research Effort | 68 |
An Example of Less Good Distribution of Research Effort | 81 |
4 The Continental Drift Dispute 19201950 | 86 |
5 Cancer Virus Research | 92 |
6 The Invisible Hand of Reason | 95 |
Consensus | 97 |
2 Initial Reflections | 100 |
3 Consensus on Plate Tectonics | 102 |
7 Consensus on the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | 127 |
Cold Fusion | 129 |
Treatment of Peptic Ulcers | 132 |
10 A More Social Epistemology | 134 |
Epistemic Fairness | 137 |
2 Standpoint Epistemologies of Science | 141 |
3 Longinos Epistemology of Science | 143 |
4 Social Empiricism and Feminist Philosophy | 145 |
5 Conclusions | 148 |
Notes | 153 |
References | 163 |
171 | |
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account of scientific argued assess biases cancer causal causes central dogma chapter claim cognitive bias cold fusion continental drift contractionism Copenhagen Interpretation cytoplasmic Darwin decision vec developed dissent and consensus distribution of non-empirical distribution of research empirical and non-empirical empirical decision vectors empirical success epistemology of science equally distributed evolution evolutionary change example explain explanatory factors feminist genetics geologists Giere goal of science Haraway heuristics historical hypothesis ideas ideological influence Kitcher Laudan Longino magnetic mechanism Mendelian Mendelism natural selection naturalistic non-empirical decision vectors normative account orthogenesis paleomagnetism particular philosophers of science phlogiston phlogiston theory plate tectonics position predictive produced reasoning research effort robust salience and availability salient saltationism scientific change scientific rationality scientific success seafloor spreading significant empirical success social empiricism social epistemology sociologists of scientific species change successful theories Thagard theoretical success theoretical values tion traditional transmutation of species truth typically Whig realism
Atsauces uz šo grāmatu
Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science Peter Godfrey-Smith Ierobežota priekšskatīšana - 2003 |