public. No argument need precede the assertion that the protection or good of the general public cannot constitutionally be made to depend upon the consent of any private individual or group of individuals.

That the statute is constitutional in that feature of it which looks to the protection of individuals is now comparatively well settled. There are statutes upon the general subject in many of the states of the Union. Some of these have been held unconstitutional, but they have been so declared largely, but not altogether, because of differences between them and the act which is now before us. The California law is the counterpart of acts which have been passed in several of the states. Where that general form of statute is in effect, it has been generally if not always held to be constitutional as against all grounds of assault upon it. While we speak now only of the feature of the statute designed to protect ownership in receptacles, by requiring the written consent of the owners to their use, the cases which we cite cover other objections which have been made to the constitutionality of such enactments. (People v. Cannon, 63 Hun, 306, [18 N. Y. Supp. 25]; People v. Cannon, 139 N. Y. 32, [36 Am. St. Rep. 668, 34 N. E. 759]; Commonwealth v. Anselvich, 186 Mass. 376, [104 Am. St. Rep. 590, 71 N. E. 790]; Commonwealth v. Goldburg, 167 Ky. 96, [180 S. W. 68].) These cases thoroughly meet the contention that the act is unconstitutional upon the ground now under consideration. That it provides for the protection of the property rights of a certain class of citizens there can be no doubt, but the classification is entirely justified for the reason that the property is of a peculiar character and devoted to a peculiar use, as we have already stated. The owners of the property are entitled, therefore, in the exercise of a discretion which has been left to the legislative will, to a peculiar protection in their ownership. (Common wealth v. Anselvich, supra.)

The most exhaustive as well as one of the latest cases on the particular subject under present discussion, as well as upon the general constitutional questions in this action presented, is Commonwealth v. Goldburg, supra. The court of appeal of Kentucky there said:

"It is of course manifest that in the enactment of this law the legislature intended to and did create a class, and intended to and did protect this class in the use of the branded con

tainers employed by in it its business. And to make more effective the purpose of the law, it provided means by and through which persons violating its provisions might be punished. But so far as the mere question of the authority for legislative classification is concerned, there is no room for dispute. It has been time and again settled by court everywhere that it is competent for the legislature to create classes and deal with these classes, both in respect to civil as well as criminal rights and liabilities, separately, the only limitation being that the classification must rest upon some reasonable difference existing between the class selected for treatment and other classes of persons or property. So that the mere fact that the legislature may confer upon a certain class rights and privileges not enjoyed by other classes is in itself no objection to the statute, unless the classification is arbitrary or unreasonable. . . . The criminal laws of the state are made up of classifications. Almost every criminal statute selects a class and treats it separately. The statutes that impose a punishment for forgery, larceny, embezzlement, destroying property, obtaining money by false pretenses, giving worthless checks, making false statements, selling mortgaged property, wrongfully converting money or property, and for selling misbranded seeds or foods, are pertinent illustrations of the right of classification and the extent to which it has been carried. So, too, this same rule of classification has been extended with equal freedom and equal authority to statutes not penal in their nature, but only intended to regulate civil or contract rights and liabilities. Examples of this character of legislation are found in the banking laws, the insurance laws, laws relating to negotiable instruments, and laws regulating telephone and telegraph companies, common carriers, and the sale of foodstuffs."

In a case not cited above, Rhodes v. Sperry & Hutchinson Co., 193 N. Y. 223, [127 Am. St. Rep. 945, 39 L. R. A. (N. S) 1143, 85 N. E. 1097], language was used by the court which is in point here, although the action was not a criminal one, but was a civil action for damages and for an injunction. It was brought under a statute of New York which provided that the portrait of any living person should not be used for advertising purposes without his consent. The court said: "While it appears to be conceded by counsel for the appellant that the legislature may declare any act to be a private tort which it may declare to be a public offense,

the requirement of a written consent to authorize the use of one's name or portrait by others for advertising or trade purposes is denounced as an interference with personal liberty 'without due process of law.' I am unable to see that this requirement is any more objectionable than was that in the statutes under consideration in the case of People v. Cannon, 139 N. Y. 32, [36 Am. St. Rep. 668, 34 N. E. 759], commonly known as the 'Bottling Act' (Laws 1887, p. 475, c. 377, amended by Laws 1888, p. 242, c. 181). That statute declared it to be unlawful for any person to fill with beverages or medicine any marked bottle, without the written consent of the person or corporation whose mark or device had been placed upon the bottle, and it was construed to be constitutional in all respects. It would not be difficult to refer to many examples of legislation in which the right to a civil remedy was made dependent upon the absence of consent in behalf of the party claiming to be injured. Thus the copyright laws of the United States prescribe the forfeiture of a book published in violation thereof, and permit a civil action for damages only where the publication of the copyrighted work is made 'without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing signed in the presence of two or more witnesses.' Rev. St. U. S. sec. 4964 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3413)."

Bartolloti contends that the act violates the provisions of section 11 of article I of the constitution of the state, which reads that "all laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation"; as well as the clause of the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution to the effect that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"; in brief, that the act is class legislation.

In support of this general claim as to the invalidity of the act, a discussion of which has to some extent been anticipated above, Bartolloti specifies certain more particular objections. He points out that the statute is silent as to the disposition of the contents of refilled receptacles; that it is not concerned with the intent operating in the mind of one who refills them, although it makes the refilling a crime; that it is not, therefore, directed at the possible adulteration of contents; and that it is designed, solely, for the protection of the owners of receptacles.

If these assertions were all justly made, there would be some room for the contention that the statute is class legislation, for the legislature may not pass laws intended to protect the owners of specific kinds of property in their ownership, to the 'exclusion of all other kinds, unless the property the owners of which are so protected is so different from property generally as to require or deserve the enactment of special laws in regard to it. This particular question we have discussed above. This law, however, was enacted partially for the purpose, as we have already stated, of protecting the public from the adulteration or imitation of a large and general class of commodities which lend themselves, with greater or less ease, to adulteration and imitation. It happens, incidentally, looking now at the act as for the protection of the public alone and forgetting what we have said above as to its features as a protection of ownership, that the venders of such commodities are by it protected in the use and ownership of the receptacles in which their wares are customarily sold. This is no objection to the validity of the statute. If the general public is protected by a statute in those matters in which the lawmaking power owes protection to the public in a due exercise of the police power, it can make no difference that the statute at the same time yields a peculiar benefit to some class or classes of persons. The commodities mentioned in the act may very well become known, and it is a matter of common knowledge that they do become known, by the coverings under which they are vended. Adulteration and imitation could therefore readily be accomplished if the receptacles were permitted indiscriminately to be re-used by any but the producers of the articles which they were originally designed to cover and which they have come to be recognized by the world as actually covering. The subject matter of the act bears a distinct and appropriate relation to its purpose to protect the public. (In re Griffenhagen, 18 N. Y. Supp. 29, note; People v. Cannon, supra; Commonwealth v. Anselvich, supra; Commonwealth v. Goldburg, supra.)

Section 4 of the act provides that whenever any person who has registered a description of the name or mark used by him on receptacles in which he vends his wares, as allowed by section 1, makes oath before a magistrate, that he has reason to believe that any of his receptacles are being unlawfully used or filled by any person, "the said magistrate must thereupon

issue a search-warrant to discover and obtain the same. Thereupon the magistrate may cause the alleged illicit holder of the receptacles to be brought before him, may inquire into the circumstances of his possession, must punish him if he finds him guilty, and must, in that event, award the possession of any property taken under the search-warrant to the

owner.

Bartolloti contends that section 4 is unconstitutional both as invading his right to personal liberty and his right of property. The record does not present the question of an unconstitutional invasion of the right to personal liberty. The amended petition for prohibition contains, aside from the statement of certain conclusions of law as to unconstitutionality, only the following allegation concerning the searchwarrant, omitting formal verbiage: "That . . . one Nate Volen made application to the said Police Court. . . for two search-warrants in the form of affidavits, . . . and thereupon the said Police Court . . . issued two search-warrants . . . ; that thereafter. . . your petitioner herein was served with said search-warrants and at the same time placed under arrest for the alleged violation" of the statute. From this language it plainly appears that the arrest may have been entirely separate and apart from all questions involving either the issuance or service or the conduct of any proceedings whatever under the search-warrant. Under the law Bartolloti could have been arrested under the provisions of section 2 of the act, without any attempt to resort to proceedings under search-warrant (Pen. Code, secs. 1426, 1426a, 1427); and we must assume against the pleader that he was so arrested. As a matter of fact, it is that section which he is charged with having violated.

Nor can any question arise here on the score of an invasion of Bartolloti's premises for the purpose of prosecuting search under the warrant. It will be noted that the amended petition alleges only that the search-warrant was "served." This falls far short of a statement that Bartolloti's property was invaded for the purpose of making search. It is conceivable that one to whom a search-warrant is delivered by an officer might surrender without search the property described in the warrant. But if we pass this question by, it is sufficient to say, granting that there was an invasion of Bartolloti's property under the search-warrant, that the act has been com