United States Code

similar act, and such period has not expired before the date of the filing of the petition, the trustee may only file, cure, or perform, as the case may be, before the later of

(1) the end of such period, including any suspension of such period occurring on or after the commencement of the case; or

(2) 60 days after the order for relief.

(c) Except as provided in section 524 of this title, if applicable nonbankruptcy law, an order entered in a nonbankruptcy proceeding, or an agreement fixes a period for commencing or continuing a civil action in a court other than a bankruptcy court on a claim against the debtor, or against an individual with respect to which such individual is protected under section 1201 or 1301 of this title, and such period has not expired before the date of the filing of the petition, then such period does not expire until the later of

(1) the end of such period, including any suspension of such period occurring on or after the commencement of the case; or

(2) 30 days after notice of the termination or expiration of the stay under section 362, 922, 1201, or 1301 of this title, as the case may be, with respect to such claim.

(As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 424, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, § 257(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3114.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(b)(1), inserted reference to section 1201 of this title.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(b)(2)(A), inserted reference to section 1201 of this title in provisions preceding par. (1).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(b)(2)(B), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by inserting “1201," after "722," was executed to par. (2) by inserting "1201," after "922," as the probable intent of Congress.

1984-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-353, § 424(b), inserted "nonbankruptcy" after "applicable" and "entered in a" in provisions preceding par. (1).

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, § 424(a), substituted "or" for "and" after the semicolon.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-353, § 424(b), inserted "nonbankruptcy" after “applicable" and "entered in a❞ in provisions preceding par. (1).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, § 424(a), substituted "or" for "and" after the semicolon.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98-353, § 424(b), inserted "nonbankruptcy" after "applicable" and "entered in a" in provisions preceding par. (1).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, § 424(a), substituted "or" for "and" after the semicolon.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to cases commenced under this title before that date, see section 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§ 109. Who may be a debtor

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, only a person that resides or has a

domicile, a place of business, or property in the United States, or a municipality, may be a debtor under this title.

[See main edition for text of (b)]

[See main edition for text of (1) to (4)]

(5) [See main edition for text of (A) to (C)] (D) reasonably believes that a creditor may attempt to obtain a transfer that is avoidable under section 547 of this title.

(d) Only a person that may be a debtor under chapter 7 of this title, except a stockbroker or a commodity broker, and a railroad may be a debtor under chapter 11 of this title.

[See main edition for text of (e)]

(f) Only a family farmer with regular annual income may be a debtor under chapter 12 of this title.

(g) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, no individual or family farmer may be a debtor under this title who has been a debtor in a case pending under this title at any time in the preceding 180 days if—

(1) the case was dismissed by the court for willful failure of the debtor to abide by orders of the court, or to appear before the court in proper prosecution of the case; or

(2) the debtor requested and obtained the voluntary dismissal of the case following the filing of a request for relief from the automatic stay provided by section 362 of this title.

(As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, §§ 301, 425, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 352, 369; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, § 253, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3105.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99-554, § 253(1)(B), (2), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99-554, § 253(1), redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g) and inserted reference to family farmer.

1984-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-353, § 425(a), struck out "in the United States," after "only a person that resides".

Subsec. (c)(5)(D). Pub. L. 98-353, § 425(b), substituted "transfer that is avoidable under section 547 of this title" for "preference".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98-353, § 425(c), substituted "stockbroker" for "stockholder".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98-353, § 301, added subsec. (f).

EFFECTIVE DATE of 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

(a) An involuntary case may be commenced only under chapter 7 or 11 of this title, and only against a person, except a farmer, family farmer, or a corporation that is not a moneyed, business, or commercial corporation, that may be a debtor under the chapter under which such case is commenced.

(b) An involuntary case against a person is commenced by the filing with the bankruptcy court of a petition under chapter 7 or 11 of this title

(1) by three or more entities, each of which is either a holder of a claim against such person that is not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute, or an indenture trustee representing such a holder, if such claims aggregate at least $5,000 more than the value of any lien on property of the debtor securing such claims held by the holders of such claims;

[See main edition for text of (2) to (4); (c) to (ƒ)] (g) At any time after the commencement of an involuntary case under chapter 7 of this title but before an order for relief in the case, the court, on request of a party in interest, after notice to the debtor and a hearing, and if necessary to preserve the property of the estate or to prevent loss to the estate, may order the United States trustee to appoint an interim trustee under section 701 of this title to take possession of the property of the estate and to operate any business of the debtor. Before an order for relief, the debtor may regain possession of property in the possession of a trustee ordered appointed under this subsection if the debtor files such bond as the court requires, conditioned on the debtor's accounting for and delivering to the trustee, if there is an order for relief in the case, such property, or the value, as of the date the debtor regains possession, of such property.

(h) If the petition is not timely controverted, the court shall order relief against the debtor in an involuntary case under the chapter under which the petition was filed. Otherwise, after trial, the court shall order relief against the debtor in an involuntary case under the chapter under which the petition was filed, only if— (1) the debtor is generally not paying such debtor's debts as such debts become due unless such debts are the subject of a bona fide dispute; or

[See main edition for text of (2)]

(i) If the court dismisses a petition under this section other than on consent of all petitioners and the debtor, and if the debtor does not waive the right to judgment under this subsection, the court may grant judgment—

(1) against the petitioners and in favor of the debtor for

(A) costs; or

(B) a reasonable attorney's fee; or

[See main edition for text of (2)]

(j) Only after notice to all creditors and a hearing may the court dismiss a petition filed under this section

(1) on the motion of a petitioner;

(2) on consent of all petitioners and the debtor; or

(3) for want of prosecution.

[See main edition for text of (k)]

(As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, §§ 426, 427, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, §§ 204, 254, 283(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3097, 3105, 3116.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99-554, § 254, inserted reference to family farmer.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99-554, § 283(b)(1), substituted "subject of" for "subject on".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99-554, § 204(1), substituted "may order the United States trustee to appoint" for "may appoint".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 99–554, § 283(b)(2), substituted "are the" for "that are the".

Subsec. (i)(1). Pub. L. 99-554, § 204(2), inserted "or" at end of subpar. (A) and struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "any damages proximately caused by the taking of possession of the debtor's property by a trustee appointed under subsection (g) of this section or section 1104 of this title; or".

1984-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-353, § 426(a), inserted "against a person" after "involuntary case". Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, § 426(b)(1), inserted "or the subject on a bona fide dispute,".

Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, § 426(b)(2), inserted "unless such debts that are the subject of a bona fide dispute".

Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 98-353, § 427, substituted "debtor" for "debtors".

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 283 of Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, see section 302(a) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Amendment by section 254 of Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to cases commenced under this title before that date, see section 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99-554.

Effective date and applicability of amendment by section 204 of Pub. L. 99-554 dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by sections 426(a) and 427 of Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, and amendment by section 426(b) of Pub. L. 98-353 effective July 10, 1984, see section 552(a), (b) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 101, 306, 362, 503, 504, 522, 541, 549 of this title; title 28 sections 1411, 1480.

§ 304. Cases ancillary to foreign proceedings

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 101, 305, 306 of this title; title 28 section 1410.

§ 307. United States trustee

The United States trustee may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in any case or proceeding under this title but may not file a plan pursuant to section 1121(c) of this title. (Added Pub. L. 99-554, title II, § 205(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3098.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Effective date and applicability of section dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

SUBCHAPTER II-OFFICERS

§ 321. Eligibility to serve as trustee

(a) A person may serve as trustee in a case under this title only if such person is

(1) an individual that is competent to perform the duties of trustee and, in a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13 of this title, resides or has an office in the judicial district within which the case is pending, or in any judicial district adjacent to such district; or

(2) a corporation authorized by such corporation's charter or bylaws to act as trustee, and, in a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13 of this title, having an office in at least one of such districts.

(b) A person that has served as an examiner in the case may not serve as trustee in the case. (c) The United States trustee for the judicial district in which the case is pending is eligible to serve as trustee in the case if necessary.

(As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 428, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, §§ 206, 257(c), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3098, 3114.)

AMENDMENTS

1986 Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(c), inserted reference to chapter 12 in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99-554, § 206, added subsec. (c). 1984-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98-353 substituted "the case” for “a case” after “an examiner in”.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT

Amendment by section 257 of Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to

cases commenced under this title before that date, see section 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Effective date and applicability of amendment by section 206 of Pub. L. 99-554 dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§ 322. Qualification of trustee

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b)(1), a person selected under section 701, 702, 703, 1104, 1163, 1302, or 1202 of this title to serve as trustee in a case under this title qualifies if before five days after such selection, and before beginning official duties, such person has filed with the court a bond in favor of the United States conditioned on the faithful performance of such official duties.

(b)(1) The United States trustee qualifies wherever such trustee serves as trustee in a case under this title.

(2) The United States trustee shall determine

(A) the amount of a bond required to be filed under subsection (a) of this section; and (B) the sufficiency of the surety on such bond.

[See main edition for tea of (c) and (d)] (As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 429, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, §§ 207, 257(d), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3098, 3114.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(d), inserted reference to section 1202 of this title.

Pub. L. 99-554, § 207(1), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (b)(1), a person" for "A person".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99-554, § 207(2), amended subsec. (b) generally, adding par. (1), designating existing provisions as par. (2), and, as so designated, substituting "The United States trustee" fo. "The court”, “(A) the amount" for "(1) the amount", and "(B) the sufficiency" for "(2) the sufficiency".

1984-Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-353 inserted "required to be".

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT

Amendment by section 257 of Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to cases commenced under this title before that date, see section 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Effective date and applicability of amendment by section 207 of Pub. L. 99-554 dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 701, 703, 746, 1101, 1104, 1202, 1302 of this title; title 15 section 78eee.

§ 324. Removal of trustee or examiner

(a) The court, after notice and a hearing, may remove a trustee, other than the United States trustee, or an examiner, for cause.

(b) Whenever the court removes a trustee or examiner under subsection (a) in a case under this title, such trustee or examiner shall thereby be removed in all other cases under this title in which such trustee or examiner is then serving unless the court orders otherwise.

(As amended Pub. L. 99-554, title II, § 208, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3098.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Pub. L. 99-554 amended section generally, designating existing provisions as subsec. (a), substituting "a trustee, other than the United States trustee, or an examiner" for "a trustee or an examiner", and adding subsec. (b).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT

Effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 99-554 dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 703, 1104 of this title.

§ 326. Limitation on compensation of trustee

(a) In a case under chapter 7 or 11, the court may allow reasonable compensation under section 330 of this title of the trustee for the trustee's services, payable after the trustee renders such services, not to exceed fifteen percent on the first $1,000 or less, six percent on any amount in excess of $1,000 but not in excess of $3,000, and three percent on any amount in excess of $3,000, upon all moneys disbursed or turned over in the case by the trustee to parties in interest, excluding the debtor, but including holders of secured claims.

(b) In a case under chapter 12 or 13 of this title, the court may not allow compensation for services or reimbursement of expenses of the United States trustee or of a standing trustee appointed under section 586(b) of title 28, but may allow reasonable compensation under section 330 of this title of a trustee appointed under section 1202(a) or 1302(a) of this title for the trustee's services, payable after the trustee renders such services, not to exceed five percent upon all payments under the plan.

[See main edition for text of (c)]

(d) The court may deny allowance of compensation for services or reimbursement of expenses of the trustee if the trustee failed to make diligent inquiry into facts that would permit denial of allowance under section 328(c) of this title or, with knowledge of such facts, employed a professional person under section 327 of this title.

(As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 430(a), (b), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 369; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, § 209, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3098.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99-554 amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting "under chapter 12 or 13 of this title" for "under chapter 13 of this title", "expenses of the United States trustee or of a standing trustee appointed under section 586(b) of title 28" for "expenses of a standing trustee appointed under section 1302(d) of this title", and "under section 1202(a) or 1302(a) of this title" for "under section 1302(a) of this title".

1984-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-353, § 430(a), substituted "and three percent on any amount in excess of $3000" for "three percent on any amount in excess of $3,000 but not in excess of $20,000, two percent on any amount in excess of $20,000 but not in excess of $50,000, and one percent on any amount in excess of $50,000".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98-353, § 430(b), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: "The court may deny allowance of compensation for services and reimbursement of expenses of the trustee if the trustee

"(1) failed to make diligent inquiry into facts that would permit denial of allowance under section 328(c) of this title; or

“(2) with knowledge of such facts, employed a professional person under section 327 of this title."

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

REFERENCES In Subsection (b) TEMPORARILY DEEMED TO INCLUDE ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Until the amendments made by subtitle A (§§ 201 to 231) of title II of Pub. L. 99-554 become effective in a district and apply to a case, for purposes of such case any reference in subsec. (b) of this section

(1) to chapter 13 of this title is deemed to be a reference to chapter 12 or 13 of this title,

(2) to section 1302(d) of this title is deemed to be a reference to section 1302(d) of this title or section 586(b) of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and

(3) to section 1302(a) of this title is deemed to be a reference to section 1202(a) or 1302(a) of this title, see section 302(c)(3)(A), (d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as an Effective Date note under section 581 of Title 28.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 330, 557 of this title.

§ 327. Employment of professional persons

[See main edition for text of (a)]

(b) If the trustee is authorized to operate the business of the debtor under section 721, 1202, or 1108 of this title, and if the debtor has regularly employed attorneys, accountants, or other professional persons on salary, the trustee may

retain or replace such professional persons if necessary in the operation of such business.

(c) In a case under chapter 7, 12, or 11 of this title, a person is not disqualified for employment under this section solely because of such person's employment by or representation of a creditor, unless there is objection by another creditor or the United States trustee, in which case the court shall disapprove such employment if there is an actual conflict of interest.

[See main edition for text of (d) to (ƒ)] (As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 430(c), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 370; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, §§ 210, 257(e), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3099, 3114.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(e)(1), which directed the insertion of ", 1202," after "section 721," was executed by making the insertion after "section 721" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99-554, § 257(e)(2), which directed the insertion of ", 12," after "section 7," was executed by making the insertion after "chapter 7" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 99-554, § 210, inserted "or the United States trustee" after "another creditor".

1984-Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98-353 substituted "In a case under chapter 7 or 11 of this title, a person is not disqualified for employment under this section solely because of such person's employment by or representation of a creditor, unless there is objection by another creditor, in which case the court shall disapprove such employment if there is an actual conflict of interest." for "In a case under chapter 7 or 11 of this title, a person is not disqualified for employment under this section solely because of such person's employment by or representation of a creditor, but may not, while employed by the trustee, represent, in connection with the case, a creditor."

EFFECTIVE Date of 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 257 of Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to cases commenced under this title before that date, see section 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Effective date and applicability of amendment by section 210 of Pub. L. 99-554 dependent upon the judicial district involved, see section 302(d), (e) of Pub. L. 99-554.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in sections 326, 328, 330, 331, 1107 of this title; title 28 section 586.

§ 328. Limitation on compensation of professional

persons

(a) The trustee, or a committee appointed under section 1102 of this title, with the court's approval, may employ or authorize the employment of a professional person under section 327 or 1103 of this title, as the case may be, on any reasonable terms and conditions of employment, including on a retainer, on an hourly basis, or on a contingent fee basis. Notwithstanding such terms and conditions, the court

may allow compensation different from the compensation provided under such terms and conditions after the conclusion of such employment, if such terms and conditions prove to have been improvident in light of developments not capable of being anticipated at the time of the fixing of such terms and conditions.

[See main edition for text of (b) and (c)] (As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 431, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 370.)

AMENDMENTS

1984-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-353 substituted "not capable of being anticipated” for “unanticipatable".

EFFECTIVE Date of 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

§ 329. Debtor's transactions with attorneys

(a) Any attorney representing a debtor in a case under this title, or in connection with such a case, whether or not such attorney applies for compensation under this title, shall file with the court a statement of the compensation paid or agreed to be paid, if such payment or agreement was made after one year before the date of the filing of the petition, for services rendered or to be rendered in contemplation of or in connection with the case by such attorney, and the source of such compensation.

(b) If such compensation exceeds the reasonable value of any such services, the court may cancel any such agreement, or order the return of any such payment, to the extent excessive, to

(1) the estate, if the property transferred— (A) would have been property of the estate; or

(B) was to be paid by or on behalf of the debtor under a plan under chapter 11, 12, or 13 of this title; or

(2) the entity that made such payment. (As amended Pub. L. 98-353, title III, § 432, July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 370; Pub. L. 99-554, title II, § 257(c), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3114.)

AMENDMENTS

1986-Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 99-554 inserted reference to chapter 12.

1984-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98-353, § 432(a), substituted "or" for "and" after “in contemplation of". Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 98-353, § 432(b), substituted "estate" for "trustee".

EFFECTIVE DATE of 1986 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99-554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, but not applicable to cases commenced under this title before that date, see section 302(a), (c)(1) of Pub. L. 99-554, set out as a note under section 581 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 98-353 effective with respect to cases filed 90 days after July 10, 1984, see section 552(a) of Pub. L. 98-353, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.

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