by its certificate of deposit, thrift certificate, investment certificate, certificate of indebtedness, or other similar name, or a check or draft drawn against a deposit account and certified by the bank or savings association, or a letter of credit or a traveler's check on which the bank or savings association is primarily liable: Provided, That, without limiting the generality of the term "money or its equivalent", any such account or instrument must be regarded as evidencing the receipt of the equivalent of money when credited or issued in exchange for checks or drafts or for a promissory note upon which the person obtaining any such credit or instrument is primarily or secondarily liable, or for a charge against a deposit account, or in settlement of checks, drafts, or other instruments forwarded to such bank or savings association for collection,

(2) trust funds as defined in this Act received or held by such bank or savings association, whether held in the trust department or held or deposited in any other department of such bank or savings association,

(3) money received or held by a bank or savings association, or the credit given for money or its equivalent received or held by a bank or savings association, in the usual course of business for a special or specific purpose, regardless of the legal relationship thereby established, including without being limited to, escrow funds, funds held as security for an obligation due to the bank or savings association or others (including funds held as dealers reserves) or for securities loaned by the bank or savings association, funds deposited by a debtor to meet maturing obligations, funds deposited as advance payment on subscriptions to United States Government securities, funds held for distribution or purchase of securities, funds held to meet its acceptances or letters of credit, and withheld taxes: Provided, That there shall not be included funds which are received by the bank or savings association for immediate application to the reduction of an indebtedness to the receiving bank or savings association, or under condition that the receipt thereof immediately reduces or extinguishes such an indebted

ness,

(4) outstanding draft (including advice or authorization to charge a bank's or a savings association's balance in another bank or savings association), cashier's check, money order, or other officer's check issued in the usual course of business for any purpose, including without being limited to those issued in payment for services, dividends, or purchases, and

(5) such other obligations of a bank or savings association as the Board of Directors, after consultation with the Comptroller of the Currency, Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, shall find and prescribe by regulation to be deposit liabilities by general usage, except that the following shall not be a deposit for any of the purposes of this Act or be included as part of the total deposits or of an insured deposit:

(A) any obligation of a depository institution which is carried on the books and records of an office of such bank

or savings association located outside of any State, unless

(i) such obligation would be a deposit if it were carried on the books and records of the depository institution, and would be payable at, an office located in any State; and

(ii) the contract evidencing the obligation provides by express terms, and not by implication, for payment at an office of the depository institution located in any State; and

(B) any international banking facility deposit, including an international banking facility time deposit, as such term is from time to time defined by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in regulation D or any successor regulation issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(m) INSURED DEPOSIT.

(1) IN GENERAL.-Subject to paragraph (2), the term "insured deposit" means the net amount due to any depositor for deposits in an insured depository institution as determined under sections 7(i) and 11(a).

(2) In the case of any deposit in a branch of a foreign bank, the term "insured deposit" means an insured deposit as defined in paragraph (1) of this subsection which

(A) is payable in the United States to

(i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States,

(ii) a partnership, corporation, trust, or other legally cognizable entity created under the laws of the United States or any State and having its principal place of business within the United States or any State, or

(iii) an individual, partnership, corporation, trust, or other legally cognizable entity which is determined by the Board of Directors in accordance with its regulations to have such business or financial relationships in the United States as to make the insurance of such deposit consistent with the purposes of this Act; and

(B) meets any other criteria prescribed by the Board of Directors by regulation as necessary or appropriate in its judgment to carry out the purposes of this Act or to facilitate the administration thereof.

(3) UNINSURED DEPOSITS.-The term "uninsured deposit" means the amount of any deposit of any depositor at any insured depository institution in excess of the amount of the insured deposits of such depositor (if any) at such depository institution.

(4) PREFERRED DEPOSITS.-The term "preferred deposits" means deposits of any public unit (as defined in paragraph (1)) at any insured depository institution which are secured or collateralized as required under State law.

(n) The term "transferred deposit" means a deposit in a new bank or other insured depository institution made available to a de

1 Indentation so in law.

positor by the Corporation as payment of the insured deposit of such depositor in a closed bank, and assumed by such new bank or other insured depository institution.

(0) The term "domestic branch" includes any branch bank, branch office, branch agency, additional office, or any branch place of business located in any State of the United States or in any Territory of the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands at which deposits are received or checks paid or money lent; and the term "foreign branch" means any office or place of business located outside the United States, its territories, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands, at which banking operations are conducted.

(p) The term "trust funds" means funds held by an insured depository institution in a fiduciary capacity and includes, without being limited to, funds held as trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, or agent.

(q) APPROPRIATE FEDERAL BANKING AGENCY.-The term "appropriate Federal banking agency" means

(1) the Comptroller of the Currency, in the case of any national banking association, any District bank, or any Federal branch or agency of a foreign bank;

(2) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, in the case of—

(A) any State member insured bank (except a District bank),

(B) any branch or agency of a foreign bank with respect to any provision of the Federal Reserve Act which is made applicable under the International Banking Act of 1978,

(C) any foreign bank which does not operate an insured branch,

(D) any agency or commercial lending company other than a Federal agency,

(E) supervisory or regulatory proceedings arising from the authority given to the Board of Governors under section 7(c)(1) of the International Banking Act of 1978, including such proceedings under the Financial Institutions Supervisory Act of 1966, and

(F) any bank holding company and any subsidiary of a bank holding company (other than a bank);

(3) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the case of a State nonmember insured bank (except a District bank), or a foreign bank having an insured branch; and

(4) the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision in the case of any savings association or any savings and loan holding company.

Under the rule set forth in this subsection, more than one agency may be an appropriate Federal banking agency with respect to any given institution.

(r)1 STATE BANK SUPERVISOR.—

1Section 1603(b)2) of P.L. 102–550 (106 Stat. 4079) amended section 112 of the Federal De

posit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1992 by redesignating existing (b) as (c) and by inserting a new subsection (b). The new subsection (b) amends section 3(r) of the Federal

(1) IN GENERAL.-The term "State bank supervisor" means any officer, agency, or other entity of any State which has primary regulatory authority over State banks or State savings associations in such State.

(2) INTERSTATE APPLICATION.-The State bank supervisors of more than 1 State may be the appropriate State bank supervisor for any insured depository institution.

RELATING ΤΟ FOREIGN BANKS AND

(1) FOREIGN BANK.-The term "foreign bank" has the meaning given to such term by section 1(b)(7) of the International Banking Act of 1978.

(2) FEDERAL BRANCH.-The term "Federal branch" has the meaning given to such term by section 1(b)(6) of the International Banking Act of 1978.

(3) INSURED BRANCH.-The term "insured branch" means any branch (as defined in section 1(b)(3) of the International Banking Act of 1978) of a foreign bank any deposits in which are insured pursuant to this Act.

(t) INCLUDES, INCLUDING.

(1) IN GENERAL.-The terms "includes" and "including" shall not be construed more restrictively than the ordinary usage of such terms so as to exclude any other thing not referred to or described.

(2) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.-Paragraph (1) shall not be construed as creating any inference that the term "includes" or "including" in any other provision of Federal law may be deemed to exclude any other thing not referred to or described. (u) INSTITUTION-AFFILIATED PARTY.-The term "institution-affiliated party" means

(1) any director, officer, employee, or controlling stockholder (other than a bank holding company) of, or agent for, an insured depository institution;

(2) any other person who has filed or is required to file a change-in-control notice with the appropriate Federal banking agency under section 7(j);

(3) any shareholder (other than a bank holding company), consultant, joint venture partner, and any other person as determined by the appropriate Federal banking agency (by regulation or case-by-case) who participates in the conduct of the affairs of an insured depository institution; and

(4) any independent contractor (including any attorney, appraiser, or accountant) who knowingly or recklessly participates in

(A) any violation of any law or regulation;

(B) any breach of fiduciary duty; or

(C) any unsafe or unsound practice,

which caused or is likely to cause more than a minimal financial loss to, or a significant adverse effect on, the insured depository institution.

Deposit Insurance Act to read above as follows. The instructions made by section 1603(b)(2) of P.L. 102-550 probably should have been to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991.

(v) VIOLATION.-The term "violation" includes any action (alone or with another or others) for or toward causing, bringing about, participating in, counseling, or aiding or abetting a violation.

(w) DEFINITIONS RELATING TO AFFILIATES OF DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS.

(1) DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION HOLDING COMPANY.-The term "depository institution holding company" means a bank holding company or a savings and loan holding company.

(2) BANK HOLDING COMPANY.-The term "bank holding company" has the meaning given to such term in section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.

(3) SAVINGS AND LOAN HOLDING COMPANY.-The term "savings and loan holding company" has the meaning given to such term in section 10 of the Home Owners' Loan Act.

(4) SUBSIDIARY.-The term "subsidiary"

(A) means any company which is owned or controlled directly or indirectly by another company; and

(B) includes any service corporation owned in whole or in part by an insured depository institution or any subsidiary of such a service corporation.

(5) CONTROL. The term "control" has the meaning given to such term in section 2 of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.

(6) AFFILIATE.-The term "affiliate" has the meaning given to such term in section 2(k) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.

(7) COMPANY.-The term "company" has the same meaning as in section 2(b) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. (x) DEFINITIONS RELATING TO DEFAULT.

(1) DEFAULT.-The term "default" means, with respect to an insured depository institution, any adjudication or other official determination by any court of competent jurisdiction, the appropriate Federal banking agency, or other public authority pursuant to which a conservator, receiver, or other legal custodian is appointed for an insured depository institution or, in the case of a foreign bank having an insured branch, for such branch.

(2) IN DANGER OF DEFAULT.-The term "in danger of default" means an insured depository institution with respect to which (or in the case of a foreign bank having an insured branch, with respect to such insured branch) the appropriate Federal banking agency or State chartering authority has advised the Corporation (or, if the appropriate Federal banking agency is the Corporation, the Corporation has determined) that

(A) in the opinion of such agency or authority

(i) the depository institution or insured branch is not likely to be able to meet the demands of the institution's or branch's depositors or pay the institution's or branch's obligations in the normal course of business; and

(ii) there is no reasonable prospect that the depository institution or insured branch will be able to meet