it had not then been passed by the Government, you proceeded towards carrying out the next part of your work. Accordingly, you succeeded in getting a royal commission appointed to inquire into the employment of children in mines and collieries, and in various branches of trade and manufacture in which numbers of children worked together. Regarding collieries and mines -to which I shall only refer the commission revealed facts which filled the public mind with horror and indignation. Children-infants, I should say-of only four or five years of age were made to toil in the mines in a manner which was a disgrace to humanity, while women laboured at employment degrading to their sex. Young children, girls as well as boys, were made to draw loads by a chain and girdle through places so narrow that they had to pass on all fours; and the regular hours of work for children were from eleven to thirteen a day, and sometimes more. Six months' labour in the mines was sufficient to effect a very visible change on their appearance, and the baneful results of the system upon their constitution could not well be exaggerated. Notwithstanding the facts brought to light by the commissioners, the time had not arrived when such extensive changes as were required could be effected, but ultimately a bill was passed which altogether prohibited females from working underground, and no boys under a specified age were permitted to be employed. Your lordship's efforts on behalf of children engaged in agricultural labour came next in order. For these children you asked that their hours of work might be regulated as in factories and mines, and you introduced a bill dealing with the subject. Your labours also in the cause of education, and as chairman of the Ragged School Union--over which you have presided since its formation four-and-thirty years ago-have left a great mark upon the country. Before that time, the appalling fact had been ascertained that there were upwards of one million of children in the country wholly destitute of the means of education, of whom upwards of one hundred thousand were in London. You brought the subject before the House of Commons, and showed, from the state of vice and ignorance in almost every large town, the great need which existed for diffusing the benefits and blessings of a moral and religious education among the labouring classes. The result was that great efforts were at once made by educational and missionary societies to remedy that state of matters. It was, however, seen that large numbers of children were excluded from the ordinary day and Sunday schools in consequence of their ragged and neglected condition, many of whom were almost never off the streets, and it was therefore resolved to establish special schools for these destitute children. The Ragged School Union was formed. Your lordship took the movement under your fostering care, and the beneficial results have been truly wonderful. In 1870, when the Educational Bill was passed, the union had been in active operation for twenty-six years, and was carrying on work in about two hundred separate buildings. That work consisted of day schools, night schools, and Sunday schools; classes for industry, ragged churches, and parents' meetings, etc., etc., the whole being conducted at an annual cost of £45,000. Concurrently with all this, successful efforts were made to meet the necessities of those children who passed through the schools, such as enabling many of them to emigrate to the colonies, and others to support themselves at home. Altogether, I do not over-estimate the fact when I say, that the ragged schools of London, since their establishment, have rescued from neglect and vicious courses at least two hundred thousand children and placed them in the way of gaining an honest livelihood. Your lordship has presided at every one of the anniversary meetings of the union without a single exception, and during its whole existence you have laboured in its interests with unflagging perseverance. And while, in conducting this. great movement, there have been associated with you a large number of earnest and Godfearing men and women, to your lordship's influence and zeal are mainly due its extension and success. But further let me say, that among the many benevolent institutions which your lordship has originated, the National Refuges for Homeless and Destitute Children, and the training-ships 'Chichester' and 'Arethusa,' take a prominent place. Upwards of a quarter of a century ago you presided at a meeting for the inauguration of the first of these refuges. From want of funds the committee were only able to receive nine children; but the necessity for such an institution became at once apparent, and in six months that number was increased to about a hundred. The applications for admission became numerous; the public gave additional support; and now there are five homes. Twelve years ago the training-ship 'Chichester' was established in the Thames; afterwards, a farm school in Surrey; and subsequently the 'Arethusa' was also fitted up as a training-ship. It is interesting to know the origin of the first training-ship. Your lordship became aware that a large number of destitute boys were nightly compelled to fly for shelter to the casual wards of workhouses, and you resolved to do some. thing for them if they could only be laid hold of. One night they were invited to one of the refuges to a supper-a grand supper for them. Nearly three hundred accepted the invitation; but such a scene of rags and human misery had probably never before been congregated in one spot, and many friends who had been invited to help in serving the supper were moved to tears at what they witnessed. The feast being over, the boys and company adjourned to an upper room, where your lordship addressed the lads in a feeling, fatherly, and sympathising spirit, and when you had finished, you asked who would be willing to go on board a training-ship, supposing one could be obtained. Every hand in the room went up, and then you saw that the way was clear for rescuing this mass of human waste. The boys were dismissed for the night, money having been given to them to pay for their lodging. Next day forty were received into the refuge, and efforts were at once made for obtaining the loan of an old man-of-war to fit up as a training-ship. And so this supper was the beginning of the 'Chichester's' organisation; and such has been the success of the effort, that now there are no less than twelve other trainingships-two for Scotland, two for Ireland, and the rest for the coast of England. Your lord-| ship's position in connection with the British and Foreign Bible Society stands out so prominently, that to it I must make a passing allusion. You have been the president of that important institution for the last twenty-seven years, and have always been present at its annual gatherings in Exeter Hall. The conspicuous progress it has made in that time has been greatly aided by the active part you have taken in its affairs. In these years about seventy new translations of the Scriptures have been printed by the society, and the number of copies of the Bible it circulated last year was upwards of two millions and a half, being more than double the circulation at the time you took office. Then the total number of copies issued was twenty-four millions, now it is upwards of eighty millions. Before this, I should have mentioned that on your succession to the peerage your increased influence was all used on behalf of the objects of philanthropy and religion which you had at heart. The course of your life all through has been the unselfish promotion of the well-being of others. Nor, as we have seen, have you confined yourself to your own country. Not only has your eye of pity fallen upon the ragged and deserted child of the street, but the enslaved son of Africa has also elicited your commiseration, and from them upwards through the social scale you have sought to do good to all. The records of those religious and benevolent societies to which I have referred show that your charity extended to all lands, and that the aspiration of your soul was that the time might speedily come when the grace of God would regenerate all men. Permit me to say that you have lived a noble life, have accomplished a noble work, and will leave behind you a noble example." SMILES, SAMUEL, LL.D., a deservedly popular writer, was born at Haddington in 1816. Having been educated for the medical profession, and having practised as a surgeon at Leeds for a time, he abandoned his practice for literature, succeeding the late Mr Robert Nicol as editor of the Leeds Times. In 1845 he acted as secretary of the Leeds and Thirsk Railway; in 1852 he served the South-Eastern Railway in a similar capacity, retiring from the service in 1866. Mr Smiles received the degree of LL.D. from the Edinburgh University in 1878. He has contributed largely to the Quarterly Review, also to Good Words, and other periodicals. His chief works are: "Physical Education; or, Nature of Children," 1837; "History of Ireland," "Railway Property, its Conditions and Prospects," 1849; "Life of George Stephenson," "SelfHelf, with Illustrations of Character and Conduct," 1860; "Workmen's Earnings, Strikes, and Wages," 1861; "Lives of Engineers, with an Account of their Works," 1862; "Industrial Biography," 1863; "Lives of Boulton and Watt," 1865; "The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland," "Character," "Thrift, a Book of Domestic Counsel," "The Huguenots in France," "George Moore, Merchant and Philanthropist," "Life of a Scotch Naturalist" (Thomas Edward), 1877. The issue of this latter work was the means of awakening considerable public interest in the career of Edward. On Christmas morning 1876 Edward received notice that a Civil List pension of £50 per annum had been bestowed upon him; and at a public meeting, held in Aberdeen on the 21st March 1877, he was presented with a testimonial, consisting of 333 sovereigns enclosed in a handsome olive-wood casket. STANLEY, THE REV. ARTHUR PENRHYN, D.D., son of the late Dr Stanley, Bishop of Nor. wich, was born about 1815, and educated under Dr Arnold at Rugby, and at Balliol College, Oxford. He distinguished himself at college, obtaining a scholarship, the Newdigate prize for an English poem, a first-class in classics in 1837, the Latin essay prize in 1839, and the English essay and theological prizes in 1840. In 1851 he became Canon of Westminster; from 1858 to 1864 he filled the posts of Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford, Canon of Christ Church, and chaplain to the Bishop of London. In 1864 he became Dean of Westminster. Besides contributing largely to reviews, magazines, and Dr Smith's "Diction aries," he is author of the well-known "Life of Dr Arnold of Rugby," 1844; "Stories and Essays on the Apostolical Age," 1846; "Memoir of Bishop Stanley," 1850; "The Epistle to the Corinthians," 1854; "Historical Memorials of Canterbury," 1854; "Sinai and Palestine in Connection with their History," 1855; "Sermons and Essays on the Apostolical Age," 1874; "Lectures on the Jewish Church," and many other works of importance. He received the degree of LL.D. in 1871. He was elected one of the select preachers at Oxford in 1872, and in stalled Lord Rector of St Andrews University in 1875. "Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster," says an American writer, "is one of the greatest living masters of the English tongue, and the possessor of varied and extensive attainments. He is eminent as a poet, scholar, critic, traveller, and controversialist, but it is chiefly to his qualifications as a preacher that we would now direct attention. His sermons have a distinctive character. They have a large infusion of the leading article, and frequently address themselves to the prevailing thought or the great event of the day. This tendency is illustrated by an anecdote that is told of a dignitary of the Church, who went one Sunday morning to the services at Westminster Abbey, it having been announced that the dean would preach. How did you like the sermon?' asked the lady with whom he was staying. 'Oh,' was the reply, 'it was very good-there was nothing to object to -but it was not what I went to hear; I went to hear about the way to heaven, and I only heard about Palestine.' He seeks to make his sermons vivid and interesting by bringing anecdotes, and letters, and history under contribution; and in the effort his imagery is often coloured by local allusions, and even his subject is suggested by local circumstances. Thus at Venice he preached on the text, How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land?' at Rome, on the subject of 'St Paul at Rome;' at the Convent of St Catherine, from the appropriate text, 'This Agar is Mount Sinai in Arabia;' at Jerusalem the subject was 'Christ on earth and Christ in heaven.' His sermons are remarkable for their brevity, seldom exceeding ten or fifteen minutes in the delivery. He has no action, and his voice is monotonous, and thin, and weak. His physique is not imposing. Frequently when he was preaching in the Abbey or in St Paul's Cathedral, he could hardly be heard beyond the immediate circle that surrounded him. rarely preaches the same sermon twice, is ever realy to advocate from the pulpit any cause which receives his approval, and although he certainly lacks the highest qualities of an orator, the eloquence of his language is very ornate and winning. To listen to his sermons is highly enjoyable. They contain many a vein of literary and historical allusions as rich as any in Macaulay. Occasionally he introduces in a translation a suggestive sentence from a Greek or Latin author, or from some foreign modern classic. Now he will give an extract from a play of Sophocles, now from a dialogue of Plato, and again from the 'Confessions' of St Augustine. His versatility, his imagination, and his pictorial power are amazing and fascinating." He SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES, was His father born in London, 5th April 1837. was Admiral Charles Henry Swinburne. He 66 left without taking his degree. Visiting Florence afterwards, he spent some time with Walter Savage Landor. In 1861 he issued two plays, "The Queen Mother" and "Rosamond." These were followed in succession by "Atalanta in Calydon: a Tragedy," 1864; "Chastelard: a Tragedy," 1865; "Poems and Ballads," 1866; "A Song of Italy," 1867; "William Blake: a Critical Essay," 1867; "Siena: a Poem," 1868; "Notes on the Royal Academy Exhibition," 1868; “Ode on the Proclamation of the French Republic, September 4, 1870;" "Songs before Sunrise," 1871; "Bothwell: a Tragedy," 1874. "George Chapman," an essay; Essays and Studies," "Erechtheus: a Tragedy," "Note of an English Republican on the Muscovite Crusade," and "A Note on Charlotte Brontë." Mr E. C. Stedman, the American critic, writing of Swinburne's gift of melody, has remarked: "Before the advent of Swinburne we did not realise the full scope of English verse. In his hands it is like the violin of Paganini. The range of his fantasias, roulades, arias, new effects of measure and sound, is incomparable with anything hitherto known. The first emotion of one who studies even his immature work is that of wonder at the freedom and richness of his diction, the susurrus of his rhythm, his unconscious alliterations, the endless change of his syllabic harmonies-resulting in the alternate softness and strength, height and fall, riotous or chastened music of his affluent verse. How does he produce it? Who taught him all the hidden springs of melody? He was born a tamer of words; a subduer of this most stubborn, yet most copious of the literary tongues. In his poetry we discover qualities we did not know were in the language-a softness that seemed Italian, a rugged strength we thought was German, a blithe and debonair lightness we despaired of capturing from the French. He has added a score of new stops and pedals to the instrument. He has introduced, partly from other tongues, stanzaic forms, measures, and effects untried before; and has brought out the swiftness and force of metres like the anapastic, carrying each to perfection at a single trial. Words in his hands are like the ivory balls of a juggler, and all words seem to be in his hands. His fellowcraftsmen, who alone can understand what has been done in their art, will not term this statement extravagance. Speaking only of his command over language and metre, I have a right to reaffirm, and to show by many illustrations, that he is the most sovereign of rhymists. He compels the inflexible elements to his use. Chaucer is more limpid, Shakespeare more kingly, Milton loftier at times, Byron has an unaffected power-but neither Shelley nor the greatest of his predecessors is so dithyrambic, and no one has been in all moods so absolute an autocrat of verse. With equal gifts, I say, none could have was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, but been, for Swinburne comes after and profits by the art of all. Poets often win distinction by producing work that differs from what has gone before. It seems as if Swinburne, in this ripe period, resolved to excel others by a mastery of known melodies, adding a new magic to each, and going beyond the range of the furthest. His amazing tricks of rhythm are those of a gymnast outleaping his fellows. We had Keats, Shelley, and Coleridge, after Collins and Gray, and Tennyson after Keats, but now Swinburne adds such elaboration, that an art which we thought perfected seems almost tame. In the first place he was born a prodigy-as much so as Morphy in chess; added to this he is the product of these latter days, a phenomenon impossible before. It is safe to declare that at last a time has come when the force of expression can no further go. I do not say that it has not gone too far. The fruit may be too luscious, the flower of an odour too intoxicating to endure. Yet what execution! Poetry, the rarest poetic feeling, may be found in simpler verse. Yet again, what execution! The voice may not be equal to the grandest music, nor trained and restrained as it should be. But the voice is there, and its possessor has the finest natural organ to which this generation has listened." "While recognising his thorough honesty, we do not assent to his judgment of American poetry. In Under the Microscope' he pays a tribute to Poe, and has a just understanding of the merits and defects of Whitman. His denunciation of all the rest, as either mocking-birds in their adherence to models, or corncrakes in the harshness and worthlessness of their original song, results, it is plain, not from prejudice, but ignorance of the atmosphere which pervades American life. A poet must sing for his own people. Whitman, for instance, well and boldly avows himself the mouthpiece of our democratic nationality. Aside from the unconscious formalism that injures his poems, and which Swinburne has pointed out, he has done what he could, and we acknowledge the justice shown to one, at least, of our representative men." next accepted a call to Philadelphia, where he remained for seven years, and he became widely popular as minister of the first Reformed church there. While labouring there, he received three calls to different parts of the country, one to Chicago, a second to San Francisco, and a third to Brooklyn, New York. He chose the latter, and left a flourishing church to enter upon one consisting of a mere handful of people, in March 1869. In a short time the church was found to be too small to contain the crowds of people who flocked to hear him. A building was begun in 1870 capable of seating three thousand persons. This place was burned on Sabbath, 22d December 1872. A still more commodious place of worship, capable of seating five thousand persons, was built and opened in February 1874. A college for the training of lay workers exists in connection with the tabernacle. Dr Talmage's sermons have bid fair to rival those of Mr Spur geon in popular favour, although the reader would be more likely to tire of a continued perusal of them. TYNDALL, JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S., the distinguished natural philosopher, was born at Leighlin Bridge, near Carlow, Ireland, about 1820. He was for some time employed in the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom. He also studied for some time in Germany. In 1853 he was elected Professor of Natural Philo sophy in the Royal Institution, London, succeeding Michael Faraday as superintendent. He visited Switzerland for purposes of scien tific research during the years 1856-59. The result of these researches, on one of which occasions he was accompanied by Professor Huxley, were partly contained in a volume on the "Structure and Motion of Glaciers." Besides honours received from various scientific societies, he was made LL.D. of Cambridge in 1855, and of Edinburgh in 1866, on the same occasion as that on which Thomas Carlyle was installed Lord Rector. He also received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford, 18th June 1873. He undertook a lecturing tour through the United States in 1872. The balance of the money TALMAGE, THE REV. DR T. DE WITT, which he received for lecturing, amounting to the somewhat sensational, though powerful $13,000, he left in the hands of a committee, as a American preacher, was born at Boundbrook, fund for assisting students in original research. New Jersey, in 1832, and was the youngest of Professor Tyndall presided at the annual meettwelve children. When his schooling was coming of the British Association, at Belfast, August pleted, he studied law for three years, and in his nineteenth year began to study with a special view to the Christian ministry, spending some time at college in New Brunswick, and becoming a graduate of New York University. His first church was at Belleville, New Jersey, where he laboured for three years, next removing to Syracuse, State of New York. He 1874. Professor Tyndall's chief works are: "The Glaciers of the Alps," "Mountaineering," "A Vacation Tour," "Faraday as a Discoverer," "Hours of Exercise in the Alps," Fragments of Science," "Heat a Mode of Motion," "Lectures on Molecular Physics, on Light, and on Electricity," "The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers," "Ice and Glaciers," etc. Blackwood's Magazine, 201-on Professor Wil- Edinburgh Review, the, 107, 165, 177, 201, 202, Cameron's walk across Africa, 476. CHALMERS, THOMAS, 206-217. CHISHOLM, MRS CAROLINE, 514. Chloroform, discovery of, 409. COBBETT, WILLIAM, 65-75. Coleridge, Lord, on Wordsworth, 106-116. COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR, 76, 129-164. COLERIDGE, SARA, 160, 161. CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD, 170-186. 316, 511. Fairfax, Mary, 222. FARADAY, MICHAEL, 517. FARRAR, REV. F. W., 517. Festus," by P. J. Bailey, 507. Fields, J. T., on Thackeray, 401. FORBES, CAPTAIN ARCHIBALD, 517. Friend, the, by Coleridge, 142, 149. Fuller, Margaret, on Carlyle, 296. Garrick, David, engages Mrs Siddons, 49. -at Hawarden, 392. GODWIN, WILLIAM, 57-64. -as an orator, 391 Gordon, trial of Lord George, 16. GOUGH, J. B., 520. GRANT, MRS, OF LAGGAN, 32-40. GUTHRIE, REV. THOMAS, D.D., 337-345. HALL, ROBERT, 75-79. Hamerton, P. G., on Ruskin, 492, 493. HAZLITT, WILLIAM, on Bentham, 9-on God- Hastings, Warren, trial of, 19. HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT, 522. |