It was my great misfortune, that, in all these adventures, I did not ship myself as a sailor; whereby, though I might, indeed, have worked a little harder than ordinary, yet, at the same time, I had learned the duty and office of a foremastman, and, in time, might have qualified myself for a mate, if not a master. But, as it was always my fate to choose for the worse, so I did here; for, having money in my pocket, and good clothes upon my back, I would always go on board in the habit of a gentleman; and so I neither had any business in the ship, nor learned to do any. It was my lot, first of all, to fall into pretty good company in London; which does not always happen to such loose and misguided young fellows as I then was; the devil, generally, not omitting to lay some snare for them very early. But it was not so with me: I first fell acquainted with the master of a ship who had been on the coast of Guinea, and who, having had good success there, was resolved to go again. He, taking a fancy to my conversation, which was not at all disagreeable at that time, and hearing me say, "I had a mind to sce the world," told me, that, if I would go the voyage with him, I should be at no expense; I should be his mess-mate; and, if I could carry any thing with me, I should have all the advantage of it, that the trade would admit; and, perhaps, I might meet with some encouragement. I embraced the offer; and, entering into a strict friendship with this captain, who was a worthy, plain dealing, man, I went the voyage with him, and carried a small adventure with me; which, by the disin terested honesty of my friend the captain, I encreased very considerably; for I carried about 40%. in such toys and trifles as the captain directed me to buy. This 401. I had mustered together by the assistance of some relatives whom I corresponded with; and who, I believe, got my father, or at least my mother, to contribute so much as that to my first adventure indirectly. This was the only voyage that I may say was successful throughout, and which I owe to the integrity of my friend the captain, under whom also I got a competent knowledge of the mathematics, and the rules of navigation, learned how to keep an account of the ship's course, take an observation,* and, in short, to understand some generally be estimated as comprised between Cape Verde, and Cape Lopez. The name become familiar to us, from association of ideas with commerce and coinage, seems to be a corruption (so prevalent in England, as Robinson Crusoe says in the outset of his life) of B'led-Geneva, otherwise, Ghineva-Sinney; by which names it is designated among the principal trading nations of that continent; although not used locally upon the coast in question; but the order and situation of districts and places have been so variously set down by ancients and moderns, by foreigners and inhabitants, that the geographer CELLARIUS finds himself reduced to say; Multa in Mauritania turbata et confusa videntur quod ad loca singula demonstrabimus." The coin so denominated, took its name from the gold brought from the coast of that name, by the african company, who, as an encouragement to import the metal to be coined, was permitted, by the royal charter, to have the company's stamp of an elephant upon the coin made of the african gold. Of these guineas, forty four and a half were coined out of the pound troy, at the currency of twenty shillings each, although they never went for så little. From the fifteenth year of King Charles II. we have these milled guineas and half guineas, with graining on the edge like the milled shillings, having, on one side, the King's head laureat, with the neck bare, which is the difference between the guinea and the shilling stamp. CAROLVS II. DEI GRATIA. (Some of these guineas have the elephant under the King's head, with a castle on his back; others, the elephant without the castle.) Reverse :-Four shields in a cross, with the arms of the four kingdoms, as the shillings; but having four Cs interlinked cross-wise in the centre, and the addition of four sceptres in the quarters, surmounted with four badges, that is to say; the cross for England, the thistle for Scotland, the fleur-de-lis for France, and the harp for Ireland. The first importation of this gold has been attributed individually to Sir Robert Holmes, of the Isle of Wight.

TAKE AN OBSERVATION:-is a phrase by which is meant, to solve the problem of finding the geographical place of a ship at sea, as to its distance from either pole of the world, by measuring the meridional altitude of the sun with an instrument called a quadrant; the rule for which is as follows:-Take the sun's declination from the Nautical Almanac, or other book of authority, and note whether it be north or south. Correct the

things that were needful to be understood by a sailor: for as he took delight to instruct me, I took pains to learn; and, in a word, this voyage made me both a sailor and a merchant: for I brought home 5lb. 9oz. of gold-dust for my adventure, which yielded me in London, at my return, almost 3001, and this filled me with those aspiring thoughts which have since so completed my ruin. Yet even in this voyage I had my sufferings too; particularly, that I was continually sick, being thrown into a violent calenture by the excessive heat of the climate; our principal trading being upon the coast, from the latitude of 15 degrees north, even to the line itself.+

altitude of the sun's edge (called its " limb") as indicated on the instrument employed, by subtracting the dip of the horizon (according to the Requisite Tables), together with the refraction of the atmosphere from it, and by adding the parallax in altitude to it; also, by adding or subtracting from it the half diameter, according as the lower or upper limb was observed; and you will then have the true altitude of the sun's centre. Take the true altitude from 90 degrees, and it will leave the true distance from the zenith; which is north, if the zenith was north of the sun at the time of observation, but south, if it was south of the sun. If the sun's zenith distance, and its declination, be both north or both south, add them together; but if one be north, and the other south, subtract the less from the greater quantity, and the result of such operation will be the geographical position required, being of the same denomination with the greater quantity, that is to say, northerly or southerly. It has been usual to divide the rule for this problem into different cases; but the necessity for such division arose from wholly but improperly considering the zenith of the place, as a fixed point, instead of the sun. The circumference of every circle is calculated as consisting of 360 equal parts called degrees; each degree of 60 equal parts called minutes; and each minute of 60 minuter parts called seconds; after which any still smaller quantity is denoted by fractional numbers: these degrees, minutes, seconds, &c. are thus marked in writing: 1° 1′ 1′′ ¿ An angle is said to be of the same number of degrees with the arc that measures it: thus a right angle being measured by an arc containing the quadrant (or quarter) of a circle, is an angle of 90° or ninety degrees.

CALENTURE: an inflammatory fever, frequent at sea, attended with a delirium, wherein the patients imagine the sea to be green fields; and, if not prevented, will leap overboard. The word calenture is from the Spanish calentura, and signifies a heat, fever, or ague; from the Latin calere to be hot. Calentures are chiefly found in sailing towards the West Indies, as the tropic is approached. Those affected with them have a fierce look, and are very unruly, being so eager to get to their imaginary cool verdure, and so strong, that six men sometimes scarce suffice to detain them. The disease chiefly seizes the young and strong, especially of a sanguine complexion; the pulse is extremely low. When taken in time, it rarely proves mortal. The scat of this disorder is in the stomach, and its principal source seems to be the eating of salt provisions for a long time together. The first step towards a cure is the giving of a brisk emetic; this has the immediate effect of dispelling the fancy of the green leaves and trees in the water; after this, salt of wormwood, diascordium, with conserve of roses vitriolated, are proper; and bleeding in the arm; and, if that does not take effect, the opening of the temporal artery is resorted to; a thin diet, and cream of tartar in water gruel, after these things, generally remove the remains of the disease. When they are seized with this violent heat and disorder, which, for the most part happens in the night, they steal privately overboard into the sea, imagining themselves to be going into the green fields. Calentures happen oftener by night than by day, because ships are more closely shut up by night, and are less airy than they are in the day-time. (Phil. Trans. abr. by Dr. OLIVER, vol. iv.)

LATITUDE: on the earth, is the distance of any place N.or S. from that great central circle of the globe called the equator or equinoctial line, and reckoned on the meridian. Latitude in the heavens, is the distance of any star from that other great circle of the globe called the ecliptic, and reckoned on the circle of latitude passing through the star. The ecliptic is the sun's imaginary path around the globe in an oblique circle which intersects the equator at an angle, described mathematically by 23 degrees 28 winutes; and the same distance from the equator is the amount of the sun's greatest apparent deviation, northern or southern, from the great central circle; which deviation is called declination.

I was now set up for a Guinea trader; and my friend, to my great misfortune, dying soon after his arrival, I resolved to go the voyage again; and I embarked in the same vessel with one who was his mate in the former voyage, and had nów got the command of the ship. This was the unhappiest voyage that ever man made; for though I did not carry quite 1007. of my new-gained wealth, so that I had 2001. left, and which I lodged with my friend's widow, who was very just to me, yet I fell into terrible misfortunes in this voyage: and the first was this:Our ship, making her course towards the Canary islands, or rather between those islands and the african shore, was surprised, in the grey of the morning, by a moorish rover, who gave chase to us with all the sail she could make. We crowded also as much canvas as our yards would spread, or our masts carry, to get clear; but finding the pirate gained upon us, and would certainly come up with us in a few hours, we prepared to fight, our ship having twelve guns, and the rogue 18. About three in the afternoon he came up with us; and bringing to, by mistake, just upon our quarter,* instead of athwart our stern, as he intended, we brought eight of our guns to bear on that side, and poured in a broadside upon him, which made him sheer off again, after returning our fire, and pouring in also his small shot from near 200 men which he had on board. However, we had not a man touched, all our men keeping close. He prepared to attack us again, and we to defend ourselves; but laying us on board the next time upon our other quarter, he entered 60 men upon our decks, who immediately fell to cutting and hacking the sails and rigging. We plyed them with small shot, halfpikes, powder-chests, and such like, and cleared our deck of them twice. However, to cut short this melancholy part of our story, our ship being disabled, three of our men killed and eight wounded, we were obliged to yield, and were all carried prisoners into Salee,† a port belonging to Maroco.t

QUARTER:-in naval architecture, is that end of the ship's side terminating at the stero frame: in seamanship it signifies the relative situation of any external object on a direct line prolonged from that corner of the ship, forming an angle of 45 degrees with the keel, or the perpendicular between the stem and stern.

+SALEE:-called by the antient geographer, PTOLOMEY, Sula, by some other geographers, Sela, and by its present inhabitants Slah or Sla, is one of the most antient cities of that northern division of the Marocan empire, denominated the kingdom of Fez. It stands on the north bank of a river which disembogues into the ocean about 40 leagues S.S.W. from Cape Spartel, 6 leagues from Mamora between that place and Fedala. Salee, according to the authority of the late astronomer-royal, MASKELYNE, (Requisite table, xxix.) is situated in latitude 34° 5' N. longitude 6° 43′ 30′′ W. the difference of time between it and Greenwich being 26 minutes 4 seconds. On the opposite side of the river stands the town of Rabad or New-Salee, which owes its origin to the AndaJuzian moors, expelled from Spain in 1610 by K. Philip III. The river's mouth is fortified by a castle on one point and a high thick tower on the other, which, together with a smaller tower at the town of Salee serve for pilotage marks, to anchor in the road or to enter the river. Although this is one of the most spacious havens on the western coast of Maroco (since the dilapidation of Tangier in the time of our King Charles II.) yet its access is inconvenient owing to a shallow bar across its mouth, which occasionally shifts and is passable only at high water; so that ships must unload by means of boats in the road before they can enter. For an account of Tangier, see A. C. ix, 26, 198.

MAROCO:-is the country called by the romans Mauritania, with the addition of Tingitana, from the city Tingis, now Tangier it is vulgarly written among us Morocco; but is called by the inhabitants, Maroc; which united with the kingdom of Fez, gives name to the monarchical state that occupies the N.W. corner of Afric, extending upon the sea coast from the frontier of Algier within the Mediterranean sea, to the maritime termination of Mount Atlas, in the atlantic ocean, called cape Noon. The vicinage of this promontory is said to be inhabited by a people called Breberi or the Breberians, from whence some authors deduce the name " Barbary;" which is applied in common parlance to all the maritime states of northern Afric: but others account for this appellation in a different manner, for instance; THUANUS [DE THOU] says in his history:Africa veteribus proprie dicta, hodie Barbaria quibusdam vocutur, aliis Barbariae pars." Á spanish writer some time captive in Algier defines the epithet thus:" Moros,

The usage I had there was not so dreadful as at first I apprehended; nor was I carried up the country to the emperor's court, as the rest of our men were, but was kept by the captain of the rover as his proper prize, and made his slave, being young and nimble, and fit for his business. At this surprising change of my circumstances, from a merchant to a miserable slave, I was perfectly overwhelmed; and now I looked back upon my father's prophetic discourse to me, "that I should be miserable, and have none to relieve me;" which I thought was now so effectually brought to pass, that it could not be worse; and now the hand of heaven had overtaken me, and I was undone, without redemption. But, alas! this was but a taste of the misery I was to go through, as will appear in the sequel to this story. As my new patron,* or master had taken me home to his house, so I was in hopes he would take me with him when he went to sea again, believing that it would, some time or other, be his fate to be taken by a spanish or portuguese man of war, and that then I should be set at liberty. But this hope of mine was soon taken away; for when he went to sea, he left me on shore to look after his little garden, and do the common drudgery of slaves about his house; and when he came home again from his cruise, he ordered me to lie in the cabin, to look after the ship. Here I meditated nothing but my escape, and what method I might take to effect it, but found no way that had the least proba bility in it. Nothing presented to make the supposition of it rational; for I had nobody to communicate it to that I could trust, no fellow countryman to embark with me; so that for two years, though I often pleased myself with the imagina tion, yet I never had the least encouraging prospect of putting it in practice.

After about two years, an odd circumstance presented itself, which put the old thought of making some attempt for my liberty again in my head. My patron lying at home longer than usual, without fitting out his ship, which, as I heard, was for want of money, he used constantly, once or twice a week, sometimes oftener, if the weather was fair, to take the ship's pinnace, and go out into the road a-fishing; and as he always took me and a young Morisco with him to row

Alarbes, Cabayles, y algunos Turços, todos gente puerca, suzia, torpe, indomita, incivil, inhumanu, bestial: y por tanto tuuo po cierto razon, el que da pocos años aca acostumbro llamar a esta tierra, Barbaria, pues, &c. (D. HAEDO de la captividad en su topogr, e histor, de Argel: Valladolid, 1612.)– HOFFMAN, in

his lexicon universale, gives the following account of this region:-" Mauritania, Africae regio extrema versus gaditanum fretum et occidentalem oceanum, in quo Antaeus gigas regnasse dicitur ab Hercule victus. Est autem duplex, Caesariensis a Caesarea, et Tingitana a civitate Tingi. Gignit simias, dracones, struthiones, et elephantes. Ejus incolae Mauri dicuntur. Invaluit autem jum apud nostres consuetudo ut omnes Africae et Asiue populi mahometanae superstitioni dediti, Mauri dicantur. Incolis Numidia vulgo Barbaria hodie." The same author, (art. Mauri) gives the following account of the Moors: -"Mauri, populi qui Mauritaniam Africae regionem occidentalem versus Gaditanum fretum incolunt. Eos fuisse Indos et Hercule duce cum innumerabile aliarum gentium multitudine in haec loca pervenisse multi crediderunt, uti STRABO (1. ult.) scribit. Sane SAILUSTIUS in Jugurthino (c. 18) Mauros et Numidas reliquosque qui maritimam Africae cultiorem reddiderunt Medos, Armenios, Persas, & Phoenices fuisse indicat.

* PATRON:-As the states of Barbary possess those countries that formerly went by the name of Mauritania and Numidia, the ancient language is still more or less preserved in some of the inland districts; and, as certain travellers assert, is retained even by some of the inhabitants of Maroc. In the sea port towns and maritime countries, a bastard dialect of Arabic is spoken: but the prevalent idiom is that medley of living and dead languages, composed of Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, so well known to sea-faring people along the shores of the Mediterranean, and denominated lingua franca. Among other terms the one used in the text, has been borrowed from the Italian, padrone, master; which has even been adopted in our own nautical tongue so far as that, whereas the principal of a boat's crew is generally designated by the title, cock-swain; that officer of the long-boat or launch belonging to a ship, particularly in the case of its being decked or rigged to serve as a "tender," (or attendant) is often styled the patroon.

MORISCO:-the spanish word for noor, or moorish, which as hath already been

the boat, we made him very merry, and I proved very dexterous in catching fish. insomuch that sometimes he would send me with one of his kinsmen, and the youth, to catch a dish of fish for him. It happened one time, that going a fishing in a stark-calm morning, a fog arose so thick, that though we were not half a league from the shore, we lost sight of it; and rowing, we knew not whither, or which way, we laboured all day and all the next night, and when the morning came, we found we had pulled off to sea, instead of pulling in for the shore, and that we were at least two leagues from the land: however, we got well in again, though with a great deal of labour, and some danger, for the wind began to blow pretty fresh in the morning; but we were all very nearly famished.

Our master, warned by this disaster, resolved to take more care of himself for the future; and having lying by him the long-boat* of our english ship he had taken, he resolved he would not go a fishing any more without some provision and a compass.t

noted (page 16) is an improper appellation, although so universally used as to be extended even to the moslem of Hindo'stan! The english antiquary will recognise in the word morisco, the source from whence hath been derived the name of a sport well-known to our fore-fathers, the moris-dance. The editor hopes to have thrown some light upon the subject of african nomenclature in the preceding notes on this country: to which he avails himself of the present recurrence of another example, to subjoin some farther evidence from erudite authorities. Barbary, (to use the familiar though not the appropriate name) contains three classes of inhabitants; Kabyles, Arabs, and Moors. The first are designated by the appellation of Benni, as the second have that of Welled, prefixed to the name of their respective founders. Both words mean offspring (as in the case of the children of Israël), and denote such and such a tribe: thus Beanirashid and Welled-halfa equally signify what antient geographers would have denominated Rashides or Halfades. The Kabyles usually live upon the mountains in villages tormed daskra made up of mud-walled hovels called gurbi; whereas the arabs are in circular camps termed douwar, on the plains. The Moors, descendants from the ancient Mauritanians, live in more permanent habitations. The word, "moor," generally conveys the idea of a dark or swarthy complexion, (witness the customary personification of SHAKESPEARE'S Othello;) whereas the traveller, SHAW, says it only denotes the situation of their country, from an antient word signifying a ferry, or aru of the sea, like the latin fretum, trajectus, &c. Mav'ri consequently would be the same as trajectaneus, or ad trajectum vivens, a person dwelling near a narrow part of the sea; just as the people of Barbary arc in fact situated with respect to the strait of Gibraltar, the fretum gaditanum or herculeum, of the antients. But BOCHART deduceth the term from another original; his words are:-" Mauri quasi postremi vel occidentales dicti ab mauharin quod et posterius et occidentem sonat: plene scriberetur mauharin, sed gutturales passim elidi nemo est qui nesciat.”

LONG-BOAT:-or launch, is the largest and strongest boat belonging to a ship, constructed for carrying all weighty things belonging to her, such as water, provisions, stores, cables; and for weighing or transporting anchors. The boat named "pinnace," in the preceding paragraph of the text, was formerly appropriated to the use of captains, as the "barge" was to that of flag-officers; the former rowing 8 oars, as the latter does 10 or 12: but at present pinnaces have fallen nearly into disuse, and are superseded by barges throughout the naval establishment, except perhaps in ships of the most inferior rate, such as fire ships, bombs, sloops, cutters, &c. whose dimensions do not afford stowage for the larger class of boats.

Be

+ The mariner's compass is an artificial representation of the sensible horizon of that place where it is, by means of a circular piece of paper, called, in nautical language, a card; its circumference being divided into 32 equal parts called points or rhumbs. cause the whole circumference of any circle consists of three hundred and sixty degrees, (as has been already explained, page 14) and the same is divided into 32 points: to find how many degrees one point contains, divide 360 by 32, and the quotient will be 115. that is eleven degrees, and fifteen-sixtieth parts of a degree denominated minutes, equal to one point, or to that portion of the circumference between any two points. This card thus divided being properly fixed upon a piece of steel called a needle (which by the touch of a magnet is endued with polarity or the well-known property of pointing toward the north pole of the world) and supported on a pivot whereon it can turn freely round; the lines drawn from its centre to the north, south, and all other points on the Robinson Crusoe. C [Naval-Chronicis Edition.]