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In order to afford to the commercial and maritime interests of every nation the security which is desired, Russia and the Sublime Porte will admit Consuls into their ports situated upon the coasts of the Black Sea, in conformity with the principles of international law.

Article XIII. The Black Sea being neutralized according to the terms of Article XI. the maintenance or establishment upon its coast of military-maritime arsenals becomes alike unnecessary and purposeless; in consequence. His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias and His Imperial Majesty the Sultan engage not to establish or to maintain upon that coast any military-maritime arsenal.

8. Treaty of London, 1871.

Article I. The Black Sea remains open as heretofore to the mercantile marine of all nations.

Article II. The principle of the closing of the Straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles in time of peace invariably established, as the ancient rule of the Ottoman Empire, and confirmed by the Treaty of Paris of March 30, 1856, remains in full force.

Article III. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, by virtue of the right of sovereignty which he exercises over the Straits of the Bosphorus and of the Dardanelles, reserves to himself in time of peace the power of opening them by way of temporary exception, in case only that the interests of the security of his Empire should cause him to recognize the necessity of the presence of vessels of war of the non-riverain Powers of the Black Sea.

Article IV. It is agreed that the stipulation contained in the preceding Article shall for the future replace those of Articles XI., XIII. and XIV. of the Treaty of Paris of March 30, 1856, as well as the Special Convention concluded between the Sublime Porte and Russia, and annexed to the said Article XIV.

NOTE. Dr Holland's Lecture on the Treaty Relations of Russia and Turkey, from 1774 to 1853 (published by Macmillan and Co. 1877), is a useful little work in connection with some of the subjects noticed in this Appendix.

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compensation for, 296
decision of the Arbitra-
tors at Geneva, 1871, 464
Alerta v. Blas Moran, 273
Alexandra, case of the, 289-292
Algiers, bombardment of, 407
Aliens cruising under commissions
not pirates, 406 and n. 2
Alliance, treaties of, instances of,
160-162

treaty of, between Eng-
land, France, and Turkey (1854),

72
Almeida, siege and destruction of,
219, n. 1

Ambassadors, influence of on Inter-
national Law, 32, 33

dismissal of, 119, 120
inviolability of, 120,

121, 360, 398, 399
war; 361

stopping in time of

Ambassadors, case of the Caroline,

servants and officials

359

121

jurisdiction of, 122
are not contraband,

360

rules laid down by
Congress of Vienna as to prece-
dence and etiquette of, 123

124

refusal to receive, 124
in case of civil war,

old law relating to, 32
modern law relating

to, 120-125
American Consul-general forfeits
his neutral character by trade,
200

Amistad, de Rues, the, 303
Amphictyonic league, 10
Anderson, case of, 115-116
Angariæ, Jus, 299

Animus manendi, in domicil, 195
Anna, the, 304

Anna Catharina, the Vrow, cited,
195

Antwerp, siege and capture of,
54

Appeal, Judicial Committee, 430
limit of time for, in prize

cases, 430
Arbitration, what, 155-157

cases of, 156, 157

Arbitrators under the Treaty of
Washington, 444-449

Arming in neutral ports, 310
Armstrong, General, case of the, 157

Arnould, Mr, on the Rule of 1756,
209

Arrêts de la Cour de Cassation,
79, n. 3

Art, works of, restored by order
of Vice Admiralty Court, Halifax,
221 n. 1

recommendation to
restore, by British Parliament,
1815, 221, n. 1

Ashburton, Lord, Commissioner to
the United States, 148
Ashburton capitulation, the, 152,

153
Assessors under the Treaty of Wash-
ington, 1871, 448, 449
Assiento Treaty, the, 414, n. 2
Assignments in transitu, 212-214
Assistance by treaty, 158-160
Austin, John, cited, 143, n. 3
Austria, cruelty towards Poland, 41

war with Hungary, 1849, 70
Austrian intervention in Italy in
1831, 1832, 57; in 1849, 68
Ayala noticed, 33, n. 2

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dence, 345

by whose authority es-
tablished, 346

in breach of, intent as
well as attempt necessary, 347

attempt to break, sailing
for blockaded port, 347

attempt to break, case of
Stephen Hart, 348-350

breach of, its conse-
quences, 350, 351
Blockading squadron, absence of,
342, 343

Bluntschli, Professor, quoted, 167
Bolivar, the, 280-282

Booty on land by military forces,
221, n. 1

Bosphorus, closing the, 105
Britain, Great, reply of, to the
despatch of Austria, Prussia, and
Russia, 1821, 44

Cruisers, Instruction to, 365,

n. 1
Brown v. the United States, 177,
182

Brune, General, cited, 219, n. 1
Brymer v. Atkins, cited, 247, n. 2
Bulgaria, revolt in, 1875, 165
Bynkershoek, his value as a writer
on International Law, 35-36
on close and open

seas, 99

on Privateering, 241
on violation of neu-

tral territory, 306

C.

Cadiz, regulations as to Fort of in
time of War, 176, n. 1

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special cases of, 435

Carlos, Don, in Spain, 1834, 60
Caroline, case of the, 146-148, 386
Cartel ships, 188
Cassius, the, 239

Cass, General, on the right of
search, 365-367

Casus fœderis, 158-162, 302
Cavour's, Count, despatch to An-
tonelli, 74

Certificate of ship's registry, 374, n.2
Cession of territory, 394-396
Charlemagne, his influence on civi-
lization, 22

Chateaubriand, cited, 78, n. 1
Chavasse ex parte re Grazebrook,
209-301

Chesapeake, the, 304
Chivalry, 26

Christianity, its influence, 22-24
Civil Law, its influence on Inter-
national Law, 26-28

War, state of belligerency in,
recognised in the United States,
228, 229

Claims, submission of, under Treaty
of Washington, 1871, 449-450
Clarendon's, Lord, despatch on the
affair at Sinope, 72

condemnation of priva-

teering, 231

answer to merchants
in the Russia trade, 1854, 189
Clearance or transire, when granted
under 17 and 18 Vict. c. 104,
374 n. 2

Coal, whether contraband, 338, n. 1
effect of supply to a bellige-
rent according to Geneva Award,
1871, 464

Cockburn, Lord Chief Justice, judg
ment of in R. v. Tivnan, 413

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Crown, power of, to cede territory,

394, n. 2

Cruelty in war condemned, 216
Cruiser commissioned by two dif-
ferent powers, 245, 246

Cruisers belonging to a revolted
province, 251; their status, 261
-263

Cruisers, British, instructions to
Commanders of, 365, n. 2
Cruisers with their prizes in neu-
tral ports, modern regulations as
to, 312, 313

Cruising under a foreign commis-
sion, how treated by statute, 410
Crusades, influence of the, 26
Cushing, Mr Caleb, on the Treaty
of Washington, 297

Cussy, Baron de, on the conquest
of Algeria, 408, n. 2
Customary rules of International
Law, 7

D.

Daly, Judge, quoted, 223

Damages, measure of, in illegal
captures, 242

Danish instructions to cruisers,
March, 1810, 370, 374, n. 2
Danous, the, 196

Dardanelles, closing the, 105

Treaties relating to,

504-509
case of the Jonge Mar-

garetha, 334

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Dayton's, Mr, correspondence with
Mons. Thouvenel on privateering,
234

Debts, confiscation of, 180

Declaration of Paris, 1856, 480, 481
Delaware Bay, 103
Del Col v. Arnold, 242
Denmark, furnishing troops to Rus-
sia in the Russo-Swedish War,
1788, 302

Derby, Lord, speech on the recog-
nition of the Confederate States,
Feb. 1862, 89

on Guarantee Treaties, 167
Despatches, hostile, conveyance of,
351-363, 481

of an ambassador, con-
veyance of, not necessarily hos-
tile, 352

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