from a sense of justice, a Government would pay ready attention to the representatives of a belligerent power complaining of an infraction of the municipal law in a matter in which the interests of the belligerent were affected, more especially in a matter lying as it were on the confines of municipal and International Law, and would call into action the preventive powers it possessed, to keep the law from being broken. But under such circumstances it might fairly leave to the representative of the belligerent to make out a case for the application of the law, just as it is left so to do to an ordinary individual who desires to put the law in motion, in order to obtain redress on his own behalf.......It is obvious that the degree of active diligence which could reasonably be expected from a Government under such circumstances is very different from what it would be bound to exercise in order to prevent a violation of neutrality according to the law of nations, for which as a Government it would be properly responsible to a belligerent state."

APPENDIX III,

THE introduction of the Convention of Geneva into the International Jurisprudence of Europe, and its firm establishment therein, is a remarkable fact illustrating the growing tendency of the European powers to those more humane and civilized efforts to soften as far as possible the horrors and misery of warfare to which we have borne testimony in the text of this work, and reflecting the highest credit upon the efforts of the noble-minded men to whom it owes its origin. The history of its institution is well told by M. Leonie de Cazenove1.

M. Henry Dunant, a citizen of Geneva, chanced to visit Italy during the war of 1859. At Solferino he witnessed the horrors of a battle-field in all their stern reality. So deep an impression was produced in his mind by the terrible sufferings of the wounded and the overpowering difficulty, not to say the impossibility, of ministering to their wants, that he published to Europe at large the true story of a battle-field after the fight is over, and in a work that deserves perusal, Un Souvenir de Solferino, he describes the town of Castiglioné on those three days of misery, the 25th, 26th, and 27th June, when trains of the wounded and dying were brought into its houses for help and assistance, utterly beyond the resources at command, and when the town itself became an improvised hospital, but lacking almost everything that can render hospital aid of service. Stirred by such scenes, he resolved to appeal to the humanity of Europe for help in the object he had in view. He sought for and obtained the direct sanction of nearly all its Sovereigns, to the summoning of an Inter

1 La Guerre de l'Humanité au XIXeme Siecle. Paris. Arnauld de Vresse.

national Conference. That Conference met at Geneva on the 26th October, 1863, under the presidency of General Dufour, and there, in the presence of the official representatives of Austria, Baden, Bavaria, France, Great Britain, Hanover, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holland, Prussia, Saxony, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, and Wurtemberg, and of the officers of various benevolent societies of every country, it was resolved first that National Committees should be established throughout Europe for the purpose of providing succour and help to sick and wounded in war, and that the principles laid down by the Assembly as the basis of the plan of work should be formulated into a series of Articles, which are appended below. To these articles all the Powers of Europe have given their adhesion. Among them appear the signatures of Turkey on the 5th July, 1865, and Russia on the 22nd May, 1867.

Since the establishment of the Convention of Geneva there have been two great wars, one concluded, and one still going on. In the former of these wars, in which the combatants were France and Germany, the benefits of Monsieur Dunant's great work were universally acknowledged, and the generous efforts of the Red Cross Societies deeply appreciated. Each of the combatants too, in spite of the intensity of the strife, fought with strict regard to all the Articles of the Convention, especially to the 5th and 6th. Unfortunately in the war now being waged, one of the belligerent powers has forgotten the principles of humanity it had sworn to uphold. The conduct of the Ottoman troops has been such as to provoke a stern rebuke from the German Government for the atrocities committed by the Circassian and other savage levies attached to the Turkish force, and a remonstrance has been addressed to their Pashas for their deliberate breach of the Geneva Convention (which, be it noticed, is a treaty). In this remonstrance Austria, Italy and Spain have joined, and in answer to it the Porte has promised new reforms, regulations and institutions, which will make further atrocities impossible, and further complaints unnecessary1. One would have thought that the rules and articles of the treaty were so plain and easy that no new reforms and regulations could be needed.

1 See Times and Daily News of August 29, 1877, and Spectator, August 25, 1877.

CONVENTION FOR THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF SOLDIERS WOUNDED IN ARMIES IN THE FIELD.

The Swiss Confederation, His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Baden, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, His Majesty the King of Denmark, Her Majesty the Queen of Spain, His Majesty the Emperor of the French, His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Hesse, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, His Majesty the King of Portugal and the Algarves, His Majesty the King of Prussia, His Majesty the King of Wurtemberg, being equally animated by the desire to mitigate, as far as depends upon them, the evils inseparable from war, to suppress useless severities, and to ameliorate the condition of soldiers wounded on the field of battle, have resolved to conclude a Convention for that purpose, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say :

The Swiss Confederation: the Sieur William Henry Dufour, General-in-Chief of the Federal Army, member of the Council of the States, &c.; the Sieur Gustavus Moynier, President of the International Committee of Assistance for wounded Soldiers, and of the Genevese Society of Public Utility; and the Sieur Samuel Lehmann, a Federal Colonel, Physician-inChief of the Federal Army, a member of the National Council;

His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Baden: the Sieur Robert Volz, Doctor of Medicine, Medical Councillor in the Direction of Medical Affairs, &c.; and the Sieur Adolphus Steiner, Physician Major, &c.;

His Majesty the King of the Belgians: the Sieur Augustus Visschers, a member of the Council of Mines, &c.;

His Majesty the King of Denmark: the Sieur Charles Emilius Fenger, his Councillor of State, &c.;

Her Majesty the Queen of Spain: the Sieur Don José Heriberto Garcia de Quevedo, Actual Gentleman of her Chamber, her Minister Resident to the Swiss Confederation, &c.;

His Majesty the Emperor of the French: the Sieur George Charles Jagerschmidt, Sub-Director in the Department for Foreign Affairs, &c.; the Sieur Henry Eugène Seguineau de Préval, Military Sub-Intendant of the first class, &c.; and the Sieur Martin Francis Boudier, Principal Physician of the second class, &c.;

His Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Hesse: the Sieur Charles Augustus Brodruck, Commandant of a battalion of the Staff, &c.;

His Majesty the King of Italy: the Sieur John Capello, his Consul-General in Switzerland, &c.; and the Sieur Felix Baroffio, Physician of Division, &c.;

His Majesty the King of the Netherlands: the Sieur Bernard Ortuinus Theodore Henry Westenberg, Doctor of Laws, his Secretary of Legation at Frankfort, &c.;

His Majesty the King of Portugal and the Algarves: the Sieur José Antonio Marques, Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, Surgeon of Brigade, Sub-Chief of the Department of Health in the Ministry of War, &c.;

His Majesty the King of Prussia: the Sieur Charles Albert de Kamptz, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Confederation, Privy Councillor of Legation, &c.; the Sieur Godfrey Frederick Francis Loeffler, Doctor of Medicine, Physician-General of the fourth Corps d'Armée, &c.; and the Sieur George Hermann Julius Ritter, Privy Councillor in the Ministry of War, &c.;

His Majesty the King of Wurtemberg: the Sieur Christopher Ulric Hahn, Doctor of Philosophy and Theology, Member of the Central and Royal Direction for Establishments of Beneficence, &c.;

Who, after having exchanged their Powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

Ambulances and Military Hospitals to be Neutral.

ART. I. Ambulances and Military Hospitals shall be acknowledged to be Neuter, and, as such, shall be protected and respected by Belligerents so long as any sick or wounded may be therein.

Neutrality to cease if held by a Military Force.

Such Neutrality shall cease if the Ambulances or Hospitals should be held by a Military Force.

Persons employed in Hospitals and Ambulances to participate in Neutrality.

ART. II. Persons employed in Hospitals and Ambulances, comprising the Staff for superintendence, medical service, administration, transport of wounded, as well as chaplains, shall participate in the benefit of Neutrality whilst so employed, and so long as there remain any wounded to bring in

or to succour.

Neutrality to continue to Persons fulfilling Duties in
Hospitals, &c., occupied by the Enemy.

ART. III. The persons designated in the preceding Article may, even after occupation by the enemy, continue to fulfil their duties in the Hospital or Ambulance which they serve, or may withdraw in order to rejoin the corps to which they belong.