The total number of immigrants without occupation, including women and children, in 1910 was 260,002. This number consisted of the following groups:

The unidentified 30,730 immigrants without occupation included boys and girls above 14 years of age and men who came to join their children. The number of such men certainly did not exceed that of widows 45 years of age and over. The total number of boys and girls 14 years and over without occupation was accordingly somewhere between 23,000 and 30,000, and the number of girls approximately between 11,500 and 15,000.

The following occupations could be identified as exclusively or chiefly the work of women:

The difference of 37,540 included 11,500 to 15,000 young girls without occupation (see above). This leaves at least 22,500 women engaged in other occupations than the above enumerated. How many of them were engaged in professional or skilled occupations, is not known. It may be assumed that the proportion was not greater than for both sexes, i. e., 148,904 in 781,570 or 19 per cent. At this rate the number of women engaged in unskilled occupations may be estimated at 18,000. Subtracting this number from the total of 540,392 for both sexes, we obtain 492,000 as the estimated number of male unskilled laborers. The number of illiterate males 14 years of age and over in 1910 was 191,022 out of a total of 674,069 males of the same ages, i. e., 28 per cent. Allowing the same percentage for the 37,000 boys who came with their parents, and for the 7700 old men who came to join their children (the

estimate is probably exaggerated), we subtract 12,500 from the total number of illiterate males and estimate the number of illiterate males above the age of 16 at 178,500. If all these illiterates were unskilled laborers, their ratio to the total number of unskilled laborers was equal to 38.3 per cent.

APPENDIX

TABLE I.-ANNUAL AVERAGE IMMIGRATION DISTRIBUTED BY OCCUPATIONS (IN THOUSANDS), 1861-1910.1

TABLE II.-FLUCTUATIONS OF EMPLOYMENT of Male WAGE-EARNERS

Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, June, 1903, pp. 44084411. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Abstract of the Statistical Review of Immigration to the United States, 1820-1910, Tables 11-12. Annual Reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1899, Table VII., p. 19; 1900, Table VII., p. 21; 1901, Table IX., p. 26; 1902, Table IX., p. 29; 1903, Table IX., p. 33; 1904, Table IX., p. 30; 1905, Table VIII., p. 29; 1906, Table VIII., p. 31; 1907, Table VIII., p. 31; 1908, Table VIII., p. 35; 1909, Table X., p. 46; 1910, Table X., p. 45. Compiled from U. S. XII. Census Report on Manufactures, Pt. I, Table 2, pp. 20 et seq.

3 Difference between the greatest number employed at any time during the year and the number employed in May (i.e., the least number).