Native Americans left the woolen mills before 1880,-not forced Americans of native stock coming back to the mills since the Wages stationary prior to the new immigration, increasing since. Wages of unskilled laborers increased at a higher rate than Tales of induced immigration unconfirmed Strike record of English-speaking operatives exceeded by recent No "crowding out" of English-speaking workmen by immigrants. 395 Highly paid men a small fraction of the force in the past, as in Sunday work and long hours the general rule long before the period of the "new immigration." Demand of employers for an eight-hour day in the 80's resisted by organized skilled iron and steel workers. Piece-workers firm for a twelve-hour day. 409 The Amalgamated Association a union of skilled workers only. Decline of the organization due to substitution of machinery for Expansion of the clothing industry the result of immigration Introduction of the factory system followed by increase of wages. 366 Wages in 1875-1908: intermittent advances and reductions prior to the "new immigration"; upward movement since. Effect of immigration on organization of labor. No competition between union labor and unorganized immigrants. In labor contests immigrants have supported the unions. 377 Competition of the Southern mills: Cheap white labor of the South keeping down the wages of immigrants in the North. 381 The Lawrence strike and public opinion. 384 Accident rates in coal mines and on railroads compared Decrease of the accident rate in anthracite coal mines Increase of the fatal accident rate in bituminous mines explained Novel experiment by immigrants from Southern and Eastern Unemployment cannot be reduced by restriction of immigration. agricultural labor as an illustration Labor-saving machinery as a substitute for immigration Farmers and agricultural laborers as a labor reserve ORD Immigration and Labor PART I SUMMARY REVIEW IT T is the purpose of this review to state briefly for the benefit of the busy reader the results of our inquiry into the various phases of the immigration question. Such a summary must necessarily be dogmatic in form. Every proposition is advanced here, however, merely as a theorem, whose demonstration is presented in its proper place, in another part of the book. It is recognized on all sides that the present movement for restriction of immigration has a purely economic object: the restriction of competition in the labor market. Organized labor demands the extension of the protectionist policy to the home market in which "hands"—the laborer's only commodity are offered for sale. The advocates of restriction believe that every immigrant admitted to this country takes the place of some American workingman. At the inception of the restrictionist movement, in the 80's and the early 90's, they were avowedly opposed to immigration in general. The subsequent decline of immigration from the British Isles, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries and the increase of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe have diverted the attack from immigration in general to "the new immigration" from Southern and Eastern |