lay up 1% cubic yards of rough stonework or 750 bricks, or will spread over 125 square feet of surface 1 inch thick, Two and one-half bushels of lump lime and five-eighths cubic yard of sand are required in laying 1,000 bricks. Two bushels of lump lime, 1 barrel of cement, and five-eighths cubic yard of sand are required in laying 1,000 bricks. One thousand bricks closely spaced can be stacked in 56 cubic feet, but 72 cubic feet will be required to stack loosely 1,000 old bricks after old mortar is removed. Allow seven and one-half bricks per square foot surface of wall for each 4 inches of thickness. Concrete The proportions indicated below are recommended for various classes of work: 1:12:3 or 1:2:3 mixtures used for concrete subject to high stresses or where exceptional water-tightness and resistance to abrasion are desired, as one-course highways, fence posts, and water tanks. 1:2:4 mixture used for general reinforced and watertight work, as beam and slab construction, watering troughs, silos, feeding floors, and dipping vats. 1:25 or 1:3:5 mixtures used for plain concrete of moderate strength, as base of two-course pavings, foundation walls, backing of concrete blocks. 1:2 mixture used for wearing courses of pavements, stucco work, facing of blocks. 1:2 mixture used for fence posts without large aggregate, stucco finish, mortar for masonry. 1: 3 mixture used for tiles and blocks without large aggregate and mortar. It is advisable to separate bank-run gravel into two parts and remix the fine and coarse parts as provided for above. Sift over a 4-inch mesh screen and consider the material passing through as sand and the material retained as gravel. Where the proportion of sand to gravel is correct and the bank run is uniform consider a 1:42 mixture equivalent to 1:2:4, a 1:51⁄2 mixture equivalent to 1:25, and a 1:7 mixture equivalent to 1:3:6. Where sand predominates in bank run, and coarse aggregate is difficult to obtain, the mixture should not be leaner than 1 part cement to 3 parts of the sand content of the bank run. Space Required for Farm Animals Horse Barns.-Length of platform, 7 to 8 feet (allow 15 feet from front of manger to back of litter alley); width of stall, single, 4 feet 6 inches for under 1,600 pounds and 5 feet for over; double stall, 8 feet for under 1,200 pounds and 9 feet for over. Manger, 2 feet wide, 3 feet high; ceiling, about 9 feet high; doors, 4 to 9 feet. Feed alley, 4 to 6 feet for tie stalls. Box stalls, 10 by 12 feet, minimum; 12 by 12 feet, average. Ceiling height average, 8 feet; manger, 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches; gutter, 18 inches wide, not over 8 inches deep; suggested litter alley, 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet facing in, 7 feet minimum facing out; doors, 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet; box stall, minimum, 8 by 10 feet. Beef-Cattle Barns. Floor space, 40 square feet per 1,000 pounds live weight; doors, 4 to 8 feet; ceiling, 8 feet. Sheep Barns.-Floor space, 12 square feet for breeding ewes; 6 square feet for fattening lambs. Trough space, 15 to 17 inches. Hog Houses.-Farrowing pen, young sow, 48 square feet; aged sow, 56 to 64 square feet. Doors, 24 by 32 inches (minimum); alley, 4 feet or wider. Trough space, single side, 15 inches; double side, 12 inches. Poultry Houses.-Floor area, 21⁄2 to 5 square feet (small flocks, 4 square feet). Yard allowance per bird, 20 to 30 square feet. Roost length per hen, 7 to 10 inches, 15 inches apart. Nest, 12 inches square (minimum), 15 inches preferred, and 5 or 6 inches deep, 1 to 4 or 5 hens. Coal hover, 52 inches in diameter, will hover 250 to 300 chicks. Exhibition pen, 4 hens and 1 cock, 24 by 24 by 24 inches. House space for ducks, 6 to 7 square feet. Fences, 2 to 2% feet high. Estimating Feed in Storage Hay Barns and Sheds-Measuring hayricks.-The volume of a rick is equal to its length multiplied by the area of its cross section. It is difficult to measure accurately the height of a rick. It is much easier to measure the over," which is the distance from the ground on one side of the rick over the top of the rick to the ground on the other side. The length of the over depends upon three things: (1) Width, (2) height, and (3) "fullness of the rick. The over is always somewhat more than twice the height. It has been found by actual measurement that the cross section of a rick is the product of the over and the width, multiplied by a fraction varying from 0.25 to 0.37 (average, 0.31), depending upon the height and fullness of the rick. Representing this fraction by F, the over by O, the width by W, and the length of the rick by L, the volume being represented by V, we have the following formula for determining the number of cubic feet in a rick: Volume Fraction X Over X Width X Length, or, as commonly written, V-F O W L. Quartermaster's rule. Add the over and the width and divide by 4; multiply the result by itself and then by the length; the result will be the volume in cubic feet. Frye-Bruhm rule.-Subtract the width from the over and divide by 2; multiply by the width and then by the length; the result will be the volume in cubic feet. The Frye-Bruhm and the Quartermaster's rules usually divide the volume by 512 to get the total number of tons. Hay in Mow.-Allow 450 to 500 cubic feet for storing 1 ton of hay in the mow. Corneribs, Granaries, and Seed Rooms.-To find the number of bushels of grain or shelled corn in a bin multiply the length by the width by the average depth (all in feet) and divide by 14. If the crib is round, multiply the distance around the crib by the diameter by the depth (all in feet) and divide by 5. Allow 2 bushels of ear corn to make 1 of shelled. Dust Explosions in Grain Elevators The Department of Agriculture has for some time been conducting studies relative to the causes and prevention of dust explosions in grain mills, elevators, and similar plants. The close relation of thresher explosions to the general study of grain-dust explosions led to the undertaking of a special study of this allied problem in the northwestern part of the United States. As a result of this study 166 occurrences were investigated and reported. Previous investigations relative to the causes of explosions indicated that static electricity was a possible factor in the production of dust explosions. While investigations were being conducted two slight explosions occurred on a dry, frosty morning in early fall, in two separate plants, at a time when the feed had been shut off. from certain grinding machines. Both occurrences took place a considerable time after the grain had stopped enU. S. D. A.-10-1-26 tering the machines. The possibility of static electricity being generated in the operation of the revolving plates of the machine suggested itself in a preliminary way at the time of these explosions. Although no record could be found that experiments had been conducted to determine whether cereal dusts could be ignited in this manner, it was found by experiment that sufficient static electricity could be generated by the friction of a very small pulley and belt to ignite natural gas readily. It was learned that a milling company in the South engaged in grinding cottonseed cake into meal, after experiencing a series of explosions, had prevented a repetition of these occurrences by grounding the machine by means of a wire connected to a rod driven into the ground. This seemed to confirm the original theory and indicated the value of a' grounding device of this kind. Painting inside of silos.-Four pounds of paraffin dissolved in one-half gallon of gasoline or naphtha will make 1 gallon of solution which will cover 200 square feet of a dry concrete surface. Paraffin can be applied in melted form. When melted, 61⁄2 pounds of paraffin make 1 gallon and will cover 250 square feet. A blowtorch should be used to warm the walls and also to spread the paraffin. A coating of coal tar dissolved in gasoline is sometimes used. Implement Houses Floor space and height of space required to house farm implements 1 8 by 24 788 777 Corn planter, 2-row (tongue off; add 10 feet for tongue). 51⁄2 by 6 Corn sheller, 2-hole, power. 4 by 6 Corn shredder, 8-roll. 8 by 20 379 Cultivators: Walking, 1-horse.. 2 by 7 Riding, single-row (add 10 feet for tongue on). 5 by 8 Riding, 2-row (tongue off; add 10 feet for tongue).. Spike tooth (hung on walls).. Spring tooth, per section.. Single disk, 8 feet with truck (tongue off).. Hay loader... Hay rakes: Self-dump (thills off).. Side-delivery (tongue off; add 10 feet for tongue).. Manure spreader, 70-bushel (add 10 feet for tongue on). Mower, 6 feet (tongue off; add 10 feet for tongue) |