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birth show 5.9 per cent paying under $1, as contrasted with no households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father paying under this amount of rent per month per person. The households whose heads are foreign-born also show a considerably higher percentage paying under $2, under $3, and under $4 rent per month per person than do the households the heads of which are nativeborn of foreign father. Of the households the heads of which are foreign born, those whose heads are Ruthenians show the highest per cent paying under $1 rent per month per person, followed in the order mentioned by the households whose heads are Magyars, Lithuanians, and Slovenians, in considerably smaller proportions. No households the heads of which are of other specified races pay under the above-mentioned amount. The households the heads of which are Ruthenians exhibit the highest per cent paying under $2, under $3, and under $4 rent per month per person, and the households the heads of which are Scotch the smallest percentage paying under each of the above-specified amounts.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of employees in the community to supplement the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home has been discussed in a preceding chapter. The extent of this practice and its bearing upon living conditions are considered in the two following tables, the first of which exhibits the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 347.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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In this locality 38.7 per cent of the households for which information was secured keep boarders or lodgers. The proportion of households keeping boarders or lodgers is much larger in the case of the foreignborn households than in the case of households of which the heads are native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, of the races for which the percentages have been computed, the Lithuanians, Syrians, and Ruthenians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Slovaks and Scotch the smallest proportion of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, the averages being based (1) on the total number of households and (2) on the number of households taking boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 348.—Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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In this locality the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, based upon the total number of households, is 1.05, and the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, based upon the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, is 2.72. The foreign-born households have a much larger average number

of boarders or lodgers per household, based upon the total number of households, than have the households of native-born of foreign father. Of the households of the foreign-born, those of Syrian, Lithuanian, Ruthenian, Magyar, and South Italian heads have the largest, and those of Slovak and Scotch heads the smallest average number of boarders or lodgers per household, based upon the total number of households. The average number of boarders per household, based upon the total number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, is largest for the Syrians, Magyars, Lithuanians, and Ruthenians, in the order mentioned.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in size of apartments occupied is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 349.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of "ooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father have an average of 4.13 rooms per apartment, the average number of rooms in apartments occupied by households the heads of which are of foreign birth is 3.91, while the average number of rooms per apartment for the total number of households studied is 3.95. It will be further observed that of the 610 households studied 1.5 per cent occupy apartments of 1 room, 6.9 per cent apartments of 2 rooms, 28 per cent apartments of 3

rooms, 36.1 per cent apartments of 4 rooms, 19.3 per cent apartments of 5 rooms, 5.6 per cent apartments of 6 rooms, and 2.6 per cent apartments of 7 or more rooms. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show 1.6 per cent of households occupying apartments of 1 room as contrasted with no households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father in apartments of this size; the households the heads of which are of foreign birth show a higher percentage in apartments of 2 and 3 rooms than the households whose heads are native-born of foreign father. The latter, however, show a considerably higher percentage than the former occupying apartments of 4, 5, and 6 rooms. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show 2.8 per cent occupying apartments of 7 or more rooms, as contrasted with no households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father in apartments of this size. Of households the heads of which are of foreign birth, those the heads of which are Slovenians show 8.2 per cent occupying apartments of 1 room; the households the heads of which are Slovaks and Magyars follow with considerably smaller percentages, while no households the heads of which are of other specified races occupy apartments of this size. The households the heads of which are Magyars show the highest percentage occupying apartments of 2 and 3 rooms, while no households the heads of which are Scotch occupy apartments of that number of rooms. The households the heads of which are Irish show the highest percentage occupying apartments of 4 rooms and households the heads of which are Scotch the highest percentage occupying apartments of 5 and 6 rooms. The households the heads of which are Scotch show the lowest percentage occupying apartments of 4 rooms, and households the heads of which are Ruthenians the lowest percentage occupying apartments of 5 rooms. No households the heads of which are Magyars and Slovaks occupy apartments of 6 rooms and no households the heads of which are Hebrews, Lithuanians, Scotch, Slovenians, and Slovaks, occupy apartments of 7 or more rooms. The households the heads of which are Poles show the highest percentage occupying apartments of 7 or more rooms, closely followed by the households the heads of which are Syrians.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS.

The table following exhibits the range in size of households studied by showing, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households of each specified number of persons.

TABLE 350.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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From the above table it appears that 6.2 per cent of the households in this locality for which information was secured are of two persons, 12.6 per cent of three persons, 16.7 per cent of four persons, 18.4 per cent of five persons, 14.9 per cent of six persons, 10.2 per cent of seven persons, 9.2 per cent of eight persons, 6.4 per cent of nine persons, and 5.4 per cent of ten persons or more. The proportion of households of two, four, five, and seven persons, respectively, is larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born, and the proportion of households of three, six, and ten or more persons, respectively, is larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father. None of the households of the native-born, of foreign father, as compared with 9.7 per cent of the households of the foreignborn, are of eight persons, and none of the households of the nativeborn of foreign father, as compared with 6.9 per cent of the households of the foreign-born, are of nine persons. The average number of persons per household in all households is 5.61. It will be noted that the average number of persons per household is considerably larger in the households of the foreign-born than in the households of the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, the Ruthenians, Syrians, and Lithuanians have the largest and the Scotch, Irish, and Slovenians the smallest average number of persons per household.

CONGESTION.

Preceding tables indicate the extent to which crowding prevails in the households studied in the community. The degree of congestion and its effects upon living arrangements is more directly set forth in the following series of tables.

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