percentage at home followed by the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father, the foreign-born females exhibit the highest percentage at school followed by females who are native-born of foreign father and those who are native whites born of native father in the order mentioned. Of the foreign-born the Irish show the highest percentage of females who are domestic servants, the Ruthenians the highest percentage who are engaged in the manufacture of carpets, the South Italians the highest percentage who are otherwise employed, while the Poles show the highest percentage at home and the Syrians the highest percentage at school.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the male heads of families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, are set forth in the following table. The table shows, by general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands in the households studied who are at work.

TABLE 331.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

The preceding table shows that out of 592 families which were studied, there are 574 husbands, 99 per cent of whom are at work, the average yearly earnings per husband being $568. Of the husbands who are native-born of foreign father 100 per cent are at work, whose average yearly earnings amount to $816; 98.9 per cent of the foreignborn husbands are at work whose average yearly earnings are $552, while the average yearly earnings of husbands who are native-born whites of native father is $673. The Hebrew, Lithuanian, Magyar, 48296°-VOL 17-11-29

Pole, Scotch, and Slovak husbands show 100 per cent at work, the Slovenian and Ruthenian husbands showing over 98 per cent of husbands at work. The Scotch husbands show the highest average yearly earnings, which is $981, the Irish husbands follow with $777, and the Polish with $618. The Hebrew, Bohemian, and Moravian, and Ruthenian husbands show average yearly earnings of between $513 and $557, husbands of the other specified races falling below $500, the Syrian husbands showing average yearly earnings of only $403.

The range in the annual earnings of male heads of families studied is shown in the following table by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 332.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6.]

Of the male heads of families in this locality for whom information was secured 94.2 per cent earn under $1,000 per year, 86.4 per cent under $800 per year, 64.4 per cent under $600 per year, 21 per cent under $400 per year, and only a very small proportion under $200 per year. The proportion of heads of families earning under $400, under $600, under $800, and under $1,000 per year, respectively, is considerably larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born of the races for which the per

centages have been computed the Slovaks, Slovenians, Poles, and Magyars, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Scotch the smallest proportion of heads of families earning under $400 per year, and the Lithuanians, Slovaks, Magyars, and Slovenians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Scotch the smallest proportion of heads of families earning under $600 per year. All of the Lithuanians, over 95 per cent of the Magyars, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Slovenians, and Hebrews, and only 25 per cent of the Scotch earn under $800 per year, and all of the Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians, and over 97 per cent of the Ruthenians, Magyars, and Hebrews, as compared with 60 per cent of the Scotch, earn under $1,000 per year.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 333.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

General nativity and race of individual.

Number
working

for wages Average

and re

porting

amount.

earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

It appears from the preceding table that only 3 per cent of the male employees for whom information was secured earn under $200 per year, that 29.1 per cent earn under $400, that 74 per cent earn under $600, and that 96.8 per cent earn under $1,000. The proportion of males earning under $200 and under $400 per year, respectively, is larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born, while the proportion of males earning under $600 and under $1,000, respectively, is considerably larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born, the Poles, South Italians, and Slovenians, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of males earning under $400 per year and the Lithuanians, Magyars and South Italians, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of males earning under $600 per year. All of the Bohemians and Moravians, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenians and Syrians, and over 98 per cent of the Ruthenians, Magyars and Hebrews earn under $1,000 per year.

The yearly earnings of all the males for whom information was secured average $524. It will be noted that the average yearly earnings of the native-born of native father are higher than the average yearly earnings of the native-born of foreign father, and that the average yearly earnings of the native-born of foreign father are considerably higher than the average yearly earnings of the foreignborn. Of the foreign-born, the Scotch, Welsh, and Irish, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Poles, Magyars, South Italians, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Slovenians and Syrians the smallest average yearly earnings.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tables next presented, the yearly income of the families studied, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are considered. The table first submitted in this connection shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount:

TABLE 334.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The average yearly income of the 592 families selected for study in the preceding table is $763-the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father having an income of $856 and the families the heads of which are foreign-born having an income of $757 per annum. The average yearly income of the families the heads of which are of each specified race ranges from $1,366 for the Scotch to $601 for the Slovenians, the Irish being the only race besides the Scotch showing an average yearly income as high as $1,000. Of the total number of families 93.8 per cent have a total yearly income under $1,500; 82.6 per cent under $1,000; 61.5 per cent under $750; 23.3 per cent under $500; and 3.7 per cent under $300. The families the heads of which are foreign-born show a larger proportion than the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, having a total income under each specified amount except $1,500-all of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father having a total income under $1,500, as compared with 93.3 per cent of the families the heads of which are foreign-born. None of the families the heads of which are Irish or Scotch have a total yearly income of less than $500, as compared with a range of from 50 per cent of the families the heads of which are Slovak to 12.8 per cent of the families the heads of which are Hebrew. Over 50 per cent of the families the heads of which are of each specified race, except Irish, Polish, and Scotch, have a total yearly income under $750 per annum-the families the heads of which are of the same races being the only ones showing less than 75 per cent having a total yearly income under $1,000. A certain proportion of the families the heads of which are of each race have a total income of $1,500 or over-the Scotch showing the largest and the Slovenian the smallest.

WIVES AT WORK.

The tendency on the part of the wives in the families studied to engage in occupations outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated by the table next submitted. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of wives at work.