father and the foreign-born following in the order named. The nativeborn of foreign father show 99.1 per cent who worked six months or over, the native whites born of native father and the foreign-born following in somewhat similar proportions. Both the foreign-born and the native-born whites of native father show 100 per cent working three months or over, while the native-born of foreign father show 99.1 per cent who worked for this period of time. Of the native-born of foreign father, employees whose fathers were born in Sweden show the highest percentage who worked twelve months and nine months or over out of the past year. Of employees of foreign birth the Swedish show the highest per cent who worked for twelve months and nine months or over, while only 8.5 per cent of the South Italians worked the full twelve months and 62.2 per cent of the Magyars worked nine months or over. The Swedish and Polish employees show 100 per cent who worked six months or over as contrasted with only 93 per cent of the South Italians who were employed for the abovementioned time during the past year.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home:

TABLE 294.—Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The following table shows that of the females 16 years of age or over who are employed away from home 72.7 per cent worked twelve months, 92.7 per cent worked nine months or over, 98.2 per cent worked six months or over and three months or over. A considerably higher percentage of the native whites born of native father worked twelve months than did the native-born of foreign father, while the latter show a higher per cent who worked nine months or over than the former. Both the native whites born of native father and the native-born of foreign father show 100 per cent who worked six months or over.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The extent to which the wage-earners of the several races were members of labor organizations is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions of males, in the households studied, who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages:

TABLE 295.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of 669 males, included in the foregoing table, 167, or 25 per cent, are affiliated with trade unions. Of the foreign-born 27.1 per cent belong to trade unions, as compared with 19.2 per cent of the nativeborn of foreign father and 10.2 per cent of the native-born of native father. Of the foreign-born races showing a number large enough for computation, the proportion ranges from 35.6 per cent of the South Italians to 9.1 per cent of the Slovaks. Of those of native birth whose fathers are German 24 per cent are affiliated with trade

unions.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households-Congestion-[Text Tables 296 to 307 and General Tables 218 to 229].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The monthly rent payments of the households the heads of which are employed in Community E are chiefly significant in their bearing upon the standard of living, because of congestion within the households arising from the practice of crowding the apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent outlay. The first table presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average rent paid per month per apartment, per room, and per person.

Table 296.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

The average rent per apartment of the 215 households studied in this locality is $10.13, while the average rent per room and per person is $2.07 and $1.76, respectively-those households the heads of which are foreign-born showing a slightly lower average rent per apartment, room, and person, while those households, the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, although showing a slightly lower average rent per room, report a much higher average rent per apartment and per person than the total of all households. Those

households the heads of which are native whites, born of native father, while showing an average rent per room only a few cents in excess of, show an average rent per apartment and per person largely in excess of, the averages shown in the total for all households. Among those households the heads of which are foreign-born, the South Italian show a slightly higher average rent per apartment than do the Welsh, a considerably higher average than do the Slovaks, and a much higher average rent per apartment than do the Magyar households. The Slovak households, on the other hand, report the highest average rent per room and per person, while the Welsh show the lowest average per room and the Magyar the lowest average rent per person. Among those households the heads of which are nativeborn of foreign father, it will be noted that, the Irish households show a considerably lower average rent per apartment and per room and a very much lower average rent per person than is shown for those households the heads of which are native whites born of native father.

The range in monthly rents for apartments is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment.

TABLE 297.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.}

The above table shows that the average rent per apartment in the 215 households studied is $10.13-those households the heads of which are foreign-born reporting an average of $9.51, as compared with $12.47 for those households, the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. As between the South Italian and Magyar households, among those households, the heads of which are foreign-born, it will be noted that the former pay a considerably higher average rent per month per apartment, than do the latter. Considering the specified rent paid by these households per month per apartment, it will be noted that only 2.3 per cent pay under $5, while 23.7, 43.3, and 79.5 per cent pay under $7.50, $10, and $12.50 per month per apartment, respectively. Identically the same proportion of those households the heads of which are foreign-born pay under $5, while