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TABLE 249.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The total number of households average 5.46 persons per apartment, 1.37 persons per room, and 2.44 persons per sleeping room. These figures are closely representative of the average number of persons in foreign-born households. Households of the native-born of foreign father average a smaller number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than the foreign-born. In the latter class, the Polish and Ruthenians average a larger number of persons in each particular than any other race. The English, German, and Irish show the smallest average numbers of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

The following table shows the persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 250.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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Of the total number of households 76.8 per cent have one or more persons per room; 29 per cent have two or more. These figures closely reflect the persons per room in foreign-born households, all but 36 of the total 630 being of that type. Of the households of the native-born of foreign father only 30.6 per cent have one or more persons per room and 0.0 per cent have two or more. Excepting the German and Irish every race most commonly has one or more persons per room and the Ruthenians most commonly have two or more. In addition to the German and Irish the English have a relatively small proportion of households having one or more persons per room, compared with the other races.

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The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the persons per sleeping room:

TABLE 251.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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These

Of the total number of households 81 per cent have two or more persons per sleeping room; 34.1 per cent have three or more. figures are representative of the persons per sleeping room in foreignborn households, all but 36 of the total 630 being of that class. Of the households of the native-born of foreign father only a slight majority have two or more persons per sleeping room and only 16.7 per cent have three or more. The greatest degree of congestion in sleeping rooms is in the households of the Hebrews, South Italians, Magvars, Ruthenians and Slovaks. The smallest degree of crowding in sleeping rooms is in Irish households; only 54.3 per cent having two or more persons per sleeping room and only 2.9 per cent having three

or more.

The final table of the series, which is next presented, indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 252.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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Of the total number of households 7.9 per cent regularly sleep in all rooms, 43 per cent in all rooms except one and 26.2 per cent in all rooms except two. Households of the foreign-born and of the nativeborn of foreign father exhibit strikingly different practices in respect to the proportions regularly sleeping in all rooms or in all except one or two. Of the native-born of foreign father 0.0 per cent sleep in all rooms, only 8.3 per cent in all rooms, except one and only 11.1 per cent in all rooms except two. Slightly less than half of the foreignborn households sleep in all rooms except one and in addition 27.1 per cent sleep in all rooms except two. The English, German and Irish households least frequently sleep in all rooms, or in all rooms except one. The Ruthenians, on the contrary, sleep in all rooms or in all rooms except one more commonly than any other race.

CHAPTER VII.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age classification of households studied [Text Tables 253 to 259 and General Tables 194 to 198].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the persons in the households studie ind Community D is exhibited by the following table. This table shows, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of persons 10 years of age or over, in the households studied, who were able to read and the percentage who were able to both read and write.

TABLE 253.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number reporting
complete data.

Per cent who read.

Per cent who read and write.

General nativity and race of

individual.

Native-born of native father,
White.

Native-born of foreign father,

by race of father:

German...

Irish.

Ruthenian.

Slovak.

Foreign-born:

English.

German.
Hebrew.
Irish

Italian, North.

Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total.

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Italian, South.

143

96

239 43.4

26.0

36.4

42.0

25.0

35.1

Magyar.

156

210

366 98.1

97.1

97.5

98. 1

96.7

97.3

Polish.

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Of the total number of persons 10 years of age or over 84.9 per cent read and a slightly smaller proportion read and write. Of the native-born of native father 100 per cent read and write; of the native-born of foreign father 99.2 per cent read and write. Of the

foreign-born, however, only 80.1 per cent read and write. There is a marked variation in the extent to which literacy is prevalent among the specified races of foreign-born. Ability to read and to read and write is most general among the English, Germans, Irish, North Italians, and Magyars. Moreover, the greater part of every other specified race, except the South Italian, is literate. Of the South Italians, however, only 35.1 per cent can read and write. Both the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born show a greater proportion of males literate than of females. This is likewise characteristic with one exception of every specified race. The Hebrews, South Italians, Polish, and Ruthenians show the greatest variation in the literacy of the sexes.

The degree of literacy prevailing among persons of foreign birth, in the households studied, after designated periods of residence in this country may be understood from the table next presented. This table shows, by race of individual and by years in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who were able to read and the percentage who were able to both read and

write.

TABLE 254.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the 2,019 individuals included in the preceding table, it is seen that the proportion with ability to read increases gradually with the period of residence. The proportion who have been in the United States each specified number of years and who have ability both to read and to write is slightly lower than the proportion who read only. Of those of each race with a period of residence under five years the English and German show 100 per cent each and the South Italians 34 per cent who read, while the same proportion of English and German both read and write, as compared with 32.7 per cent of the South Italians. In addition to the South Italians the Polish and Ruthenians each show a small proportion in this group who read but

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