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river, a little above, is near three quarters of a mile broad; and the rocks, where it grows narrower, are four hundred yards over.2 Their direction is not straight across, but hollowing inwards like a horse-shoe; so that the cataract, which bends to the shape of the obstacle,* rounding inwards, presents a kind of theatre 5 the most tremendous in nature. Just in the middle of this circular wall of waters, a little island, that has braved the fury of the current, presents one of its points, and divides the stream at top into two parts; but they unite again long before they reach the bottom. The noise of the fall is heard at the distance of several leagues; and the fury of the waters, at the termination 8 of their fall, is inconceivable. The dashing produces a mist that rises to the very clouds, and which forms a most beautiful rainbow,10 when the sun shines. It will readily be supposed 11 that such a cataract entirely destroys the navigation of the stream;12 and yet some Indians, in their canoes, as it is said, have ventured down it with safety.13- GOLDSMITH.

1 a près de trois quarts de mille de large (or, de largeur). Notice this use of avoir, whereas the English use to be; and, also, that of the preposition de, here, before the adjective, or the noun of dimension. 2 environ deux cents toises en The (or, de) largeur de large. toise (six feet, or about) is out of use the current French measure is now the mètre and its decimal multiples and sub-multiples. The mètre is very nearly three French feet and one inch: the English yard' is mètre 0,914. There was no old French measure corresponding to the yard.' Some dictionaries and French exercise books translate it by verge; a greater mistake could hardly be made : the verge corresponded to the 'rood.'

8 Ils ne traversent pas le fil de l'eau en droite ligne (or, en ligne directe directement), mais s'échancrent (or, forment une courbe, or

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BRUTUS ON THE DEATH OF CÆSAR.

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ROMANS, Countrymen, and lovers! 1 hear me for 2 my cause; and be silent that you may hear. Believe me for mine honour, and have respect for 3 mine honour, that you may believe. Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses, that you may the better 5 judge. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Cæsar's, to him I say that Brutus's love to Cæsar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Cæsar, this is my answer: not that I loved Cæsar less, but that I loved Rome more.10 Had you rather Cæsar were living,11 and die all slaves, than that Cæsar were dead, to live 12 all freemen? As Cæsar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him.13 There are tears for his love,14 joy for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death for his ambition. Who's here so base, that would 15 be a bondman? If any,16 speak; for him have I offended.17 Who's here so rude,18 that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who's here so vile, that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended. I pause for 19 a reply. None? Then none have I offended; 20 I have done no more to Cæsar than

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ayez foi en.

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croire à mes paroles.

5 et prêtez-moi votre attention, afin d'être mieux en état de. 6 je lui dirai.

7 affection.to,' here, pour. 8 voici. This word, in a narration, or an exposition of facts, always relates to what follows, and voild to what precedes. See page 20, note 5, and p. 15, n. 5.

Ice n'est pas que; with the subjunctive.

10 Leave out that,' here, and use the indicative.-See, besides, page 9, note 3.

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you should do to Brutus. The question1 of his death is enrolled in the Capitol; his glory not extenuated wherein he was worthy; nor his offences enforced for which he suffered death.2

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Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony, who, though he had no hand in his death, shall receive the benefit of his dying, a place in the Commonwealth; as which of you shall not? 5 With this I depart, that as I slew my best lover for the good of Rome, I have the same dagger for myself when it shall please my country to need my death. (SHAKSPEARE, Julius Cæsar.)

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SCENE BETWEEN THE JEWS SHYLOCK AND TUBAL.

Shylock. How now,9 Tubal? What news from Genoa? Hast thou heard of my daughter?

Tubal. I often came where I did hear of her, but cannot 10 find her.

Shy. Why there, there, there! 11 a diamond gone that cost me two thousand ducats in Frankfort! the curse never fell upon our nation till now; I never felt it till now. Two thousand ducats in that and other precious, precious, jewels! 12 I would my daughter were 13 dead at my foot,

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and the jewels in her ear!

O would she were hearsed at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin ! No news of them; and I know not what spent in the search: 2 loss upon loss! the thief gone with so much, and so much to find the thief; and no satisfaction, no revenge; no ill luck stirring but what lights on my shoulders; no sighs, but o' my breathing; no tears, but o' my shedding! 3

Tub. Yes, other men have ill luck too! Antonio, as I heard in Genoa....

Shy. What, what, what! ill luck, ill luck?

Tub. Hath an argosie cast away,5 coming from Tripoli. Shy. Thank God! Thank God! is it true? is it true? Tub. I spoke with some of the sailors that escaped the 7 wreck.

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Shy. I thank thee, good Tubal; good news, good

news!

Tub. Your daughter spent in Genoa, as I heard, in one night, fourscore ducats.

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Shy. Thou stick'st a dagger in me; I shall never see my gold again; 10 fourscore ducats at a sitting !11 fourscore

ducats!

Tub. There came divers of Antonio's creditors in my company to Venice, that swear he cannot but break.1o

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1 que n'est-elle étendue là, devant moi, prête à être portée en terre. 2 Eh quoi! on n'en a point de nouvelles? - Allons, c'est comme cela.-Et Dieu sait tout l'argent que ces recherches vont me coûter encore! The words vont me coûter encore (future) are a slight deviation from the text ('spent'-past), for the sake of emphasis; this emphasis is not out of place: the Jew very naturally thinks of what must be spent altogether, in order to find his daughter of both what the search has already cost him, and what it will again (encore) require on account of its unsuccessfulness as yet.

3 il n'y a de malheurs que pour moi, de soupirs que ceux que j'ex

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Shy. I'm glad of it: I'll plague him, I'll torture him: I am glad of it.

Tub. One of them showed me a ring that he had1 of your daughter for a monkey.

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Shy. Out upon her! Thou torturest me,2 Tubal! It was my ruby, I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor; I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. Tub. But Antonio is certainly undone.

Shy. Nay, that's true, that's very true: go fee me an officer; bespeak him a fortnight before. 6 I will have the heart of him, if he forfeit ;7 for were he out of Venice, I can make what merchandise I will.8 Go, go, Tubal, and meet me at our synagogue; go, good Tubal; at our synagogue, Tubal.-(SHAKSPEARE, Merchant of Venice.)

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A SKETCH OF THE NORMANS.

THE Normans were then the foremost race of Christendom. Their valour and ferocity 10 had made them conspicuous 11 among the rovers whom Scandinavia had sent forth to

1 Translate, 'that he had had.' 2 La malheureuse! Tu m'assassines.

3il me venait de Lia, qui me l'avait donné lorsque j'étais encore garçon.

4 un régiment.—'to give,' here, céder, to avoid the repetition of donner. 5 Oui. va, Tubal, procure-moi un huissier. See page 77, note 8. 7 s'il manque son engagement (or, simply, s'il ne me paye pas), il faut que j'aie son cœur.

8 car une fois qu'il ne sera plus à Venise, je puis faire toutes les opérations qu'il me plaira (see page 31, note 7).

9 et viens me retrouver. 10 See page 8, note 1.

les avaient fait remarquer; or, Les craient rendus (see page 32,

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note 12) fameux. In the first of these two renderings, les is not the accusative of fait, but of remar quer; the accusative, or régime direct, of fait is understood, for it is as if we had, literally, had made (fait) some one-understood-notice (remarquer) them.' The nonagreement of fait, here, is consequently in accordance with the rule. But, even were the accusative of the past participle fait to precede it, that participle would not any more agree for that; for, -and this is worthy of special attention, as being the only exception to the rule given in note 12 of page 32,-the past participle fast, when followed by a verb in the infinitive, is always invariable: ex., "je les ai fait parler," "ils nous ont fuit taire," &c.

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