a. To keep citizens informed so that they can use effectively protective measures in their communities and can take informal, individual action in an emergency. b. To provide trained personnel to staff or man essential protective facilities such as shelters, radiological monitoring stations, emergency operating centers, warning points and to activate community shelter plans.

c. Building committees, property owners, and others initiating construction projects rely heavily on the nation's architects and engineers for design. Hence, it is essental that the practicing architects and engineers be provided the appropriate technical training so that effective, low-cost shelters are incorporated into on-going design projects.

It is the nature of emergency operations that initial, life-saving action must be taken by the people in the locality damaged or threatened. Hence, civil defense training and education activities must be national in scope and be available to every unit of government.

To meet these responsibilities, the Office of Civil Defense offers the following training to the community:

a. The Staff College, in addition to the advanced staff training function, develops instructional doctrine on shelter and emergency operations and develops training materials in support of selected national civil defense programs. The school is considered as the prime source within the Office of Civil Defense for instructional and training doctrine. During FY 1968, the Staff College will present a schedule of 62 resident courses and will graduate approximately 2,500 students. In addition to the resident course schedule, the Staff College will continue to conduct special courses. These will include simulated emergency operations training, special training in support of Community Shelter Planning, and special and advanced work for professional development of civil defense officials.

b. The Civil Defense Adult Education Program is a means by which the Federal Government participates with State and local governments in providing adults with a basic understanding of civil defense and instruction on individual, family and community protection against the effects of nuclear weapons. The resources of the adult education system also are used to train selected adults to serve as radiological monitors and shelter managers. Since the inception of this program (FY 1960) through FY 1966, approximately 1,525,000 adults and teachers have completed the Personal and Family Survival course and 34,900 radiological monitors have been trained. In FY 1968, the scope of the program will be expanded to include training of shelter managers in direct support of the Community Shelter Planning Program.

c. Medical Self-Help is a program designed to provide information and training to the people of the United States that will help prepare them to survive in a time of national disaster or local distaster when the services of a physician or other health personnel are not available. The program pertains directly to the humanitarian needs envisioned in shelter utilization as well as to the increase of community readiness for whatever disaster may occur. This training program was implemented nationally in FY 1963. Through FY 1966, approximately 3.6 million people have been trained by formal classroom instruction. In addition, the training courses are offered to the public in increasing numbers of geographical areas by the means of television.

d. The Rural Civil Defense program is designed to inform farm and rural people of measures that they need to take to prepare themselves for an attack in order to protect themselves and their livestock from the hazard of radioactive fallout. The Rural Civil Defense Program is built into the long established cooperative extension service organization of U.S. Department of Agriculture. The goal is to reach families by means of incorporating civil defense information into all extension programs.

e. University Extension Program utilizes the Extension Divisions of landgrant colleges and universities to conduct seminars for government officials, train instructors and provide training in local communities.

Community Shelter Planners training will be continued by contract with a leading university for training the three distinct categories: (1) the urban planner who produces the community shelter plan for the jurisdictions (s) (reference page 18); (2) the civil defense director for the local jurisdiction (s) who is responsible for the overall emergency operations plan based on the Community Shelter Plans, and (3) the State CSP officer who provides planning staff advice and assistance to each State civil defense office.

The Architect and Engineer Development training program provides the practicing architects and engineers with appropriate technical training so that effective, low-cost shelters may be incorporated into on-going design projects.

To date, over 11,000 architects or engineers have been certified as fallout analysts by the Defense Department after completing a rigorous course of instruction and passing a written examination. The ultimate goal is to have one or more architects or engineers qualified in fallout shelter analysis in each design firm and government agency which employs such professionals. In addition, it is planned to have one or more professors qualified to teach appropriate courses in protective construction as part of the college curriculum in each architectural or engineering department of all colleges and universities. In addition, the graduate student development program will be continued. This program permits outstanding graduate students, including former faculty members, to work on theses for advanced degree projects, and to pursue special studies of particular importance to civil defense.

6. Emergency information, $3,269,000

Justification of President's Budget Submission.—All civil defense information is concerned with emergency action and, therefore, the Office of Civil Defense is directing its information activities toward the provision of the official civil defense emergency information, advice and instructions, needed by the public to save and maintain life and to protect property in the event of a national emergency. Much of this information is as applicable to a natural disaster type of emergency as to one arising from the possibility of a nuclear attack being made against the United States and, therefore, has a day-to-day application. The needs of the States and their political sub--divisions as well as those of the Federal Government are being met by providing for the release to the public of progressively more specific and detailed civil defense emergency information, advice or instructions at all levels of government at progressively more serious levels of tension.

During the period when there is no emergency or in a period of rising international tension, the Office of Civil Defense utilizes all recognized communications techniques. In non-emergency periods, these techniques are used to:

a. Develop and provide information materials and guidance concerning the public information requirements for effective operations during an emergency. b. Prepare and disseminate information materials to community organizations-labor, industry, business, professional associations and community groups and furnish guidance about the actions that could be taken by these organizations to increase civil defense operational capability and effectiveness. c. Provide information on the overall civil defense program.

Impact of House Action.-The proposed elimination of emergency information funds in the amount of $400,000 would make meaningless the community shelter plans that have already been contracted for with Federal funds and those that have been or will be undertaken without Federal funding support. The FY 1968 budget request was not intended to provide information support to new community shelter planning activities. It would provide funds for the local dissemination of emergency information and instructions concerning the actions that should be taken in the event of a nuclear attack emergency and represents an integral part of CSP's already approved by local governments (reference page 18).

If these funds are not made available, the ultimate and most important step of the CSP process; i.e., providing official information and instructions to each citizen as to where he should go and what he should do in an emergency, cannot be accomplished during FY 1968.

7. Broadcast station protection program, $972,000

Justification of President's Budget Submission.—A capability must exist to provide the President, the Federal Government and State and local authorities a means of communicating with the general public through non-government broadcast stations, preattack, transattack, and postattack.

This program provides three items which are not normally required of radio stations, but which are absolutely essential for continued operation following an attack emergency. They are: (1) fallout protection for a minimum number of operating personnel remaining at the station: (2) emergency generators and related equipment for continued operation in the event of loss of normal power source; and (3) radio program links from the emergency locations of appropriate governmental authorities to the radio stations, and minimum programming equipment.

Each authorized emergency broadcast station operates at its assigned frequency and normal power. The Federal Communications Commission has organized

operational Area, State, Regional, and National Industry Advisory Committees to develop Emergency Broadcast System plans at each governmental level. As a major user of the Emergency Broadcast System and representing State and local civil defense, the Office of Civil Defense places its requirements upon the Federal Communications Commission and the National Industry Advisory Committee. To provide increased assurance for sustained operations under fallout conditions, the Office of Civil Defense, during the period of 1962-66, arranged for agreements with approximately 600 radio stations to pay the costs of providing fallout protection, emergency power generators, radio links to local governments, and emergency programming equipment. Ultimately, 658 radio stations will have the protection and equipment which will provide for complete national coverage. For a station to be selected, it must provide broadcast coverage to substantially populated areas and be a part of the appropriate State Emergency Broadcast System Plan.

8. Damage assessment, $1,500,000

Justification of President's Budget Submission.-Funds in the amount of $1,500,000 are required for the continuance of a damage assessment capability. Preattack damage assessment is used to develop the best possible estimates of the potential range of damage to people and resources, based upon varying enemy capabilities and civil defense postures. During and after an attack, it provides a basis for informed direction of emergency operations. Damage assessment may either be computed estimates or be based on visual inspection or aerial reconnaissance. The computed estimates require prestored data on the quantities and location of human and material resources, the characteristics of nuclear detonations, and computation procedures (machine or manually oriented) for combining these data into estimates of the quantities and location of surviving resources. The reports of nuclear detonations will come from local, State, regional and national Emergency Operating Centers, as well as from the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD). Initial national assessments will be done through the use of high-speed computer equipment and be distributed to regions. State and local assessments generally will be manual computations. Computed estimates will serve until more accurate estimates become available from surveys and inspections.

Of the funds required, $500,000 will be used to defray expenses of improving and maintenance of the Data Base and $1,000,000 is required for continuing the operation of the National Civil Defense Computer Facility by the Corps of Engineers.

9. Other emergency operations activities, $459,000

Justification of President's Budget Submission.-a. Funds in the amount of $139,000 are being requested to provide for American National Red Cross resident consultant services by contractual arrangement to the Office of Civil Defense Regional Directors. Such services (1 consultant per region) include, but are not limited to, community planning related to the National Shelter Program; assisting in the development and presentation of training programs (Shelter Manager Instructor Training course, etc.) that have direct bearing on local community participation in the National Shelter Program; participating in the development and maintenance of the capabilities of State and local governments to guide shelter occupancy, shelter emergence, and related community actions for survival; and participating in the review and coordination of guidance materials bearing on community actions for survival in support of shelter occupancy and emergence.

b. Communications advisory services rendered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are essential to effective civil defense communications and will require funds in the amount of $320.000. FCC will assist in the preparation of national emergency communications plans involving the use of the common carriers, broadcast facilities, the safety and special radio services, assignments of radio frequencies to FCC licensees, and the protection, reduction of vulnerability, reliabilty, mantenance and restoration of essential communications facilities operated by its licensees. In furtherance of this assistance there is also assigned one FCC liaison officer to each of the eight OCD regions. 10. Financial assistance to States, $30,000,000

Justification of President's Budget Submission.-This activity provides federal matching funds (50/50) for the following three grant-in-aid programs:

a. $20.0 million for State and local personnel and administrative expenses.— The objective of the Program is to assist States and other political sub-divisions

to develop a capability for non-military defense to meet the needs created by an emergency. This program provides a nationally organized and coordinated capability for conducting civil defense operations at State and local level during an emergency. With Federal assistance provided through this program on a matching funds basis, States and other political sub-divisions are expected to provide the minimum numbers of personnel to adequately fulfill pre-emergency planning and training requirements. The main intent of this program is to increase operational capability at all levels in support of the many facets of the national civil defense program.

The complexity of the civil defense program and its divergent structure at the various levels of government requires a professional staff and a cooperative relationship between Federal, State and local government. All employees for whom matching funds are provided are required to be employed under an accredited merit system meeting Federal standards.

The $20.0 million requested for FY 1968 are to fulfill the estimated requirements of State and local governments as they continue to expand their base of professional civil defense employees who can act in a natural or nuclear disaster under a coherent program. Requested funding will permit approximately 450 additional employees and approximately 190 additional sub-divisions to be added to this program, for a FY 1968 total of about 6,500 employees and approximately 2,100 political sub-divisions.

b. $5.0 million for survival supplies, equipment, and training.-The supplies, equipment, and training program provides the necessary hardware to meet the unique needs of specific local civil defense organizations in implementing operational plans peculiar to their local situation.

It is anticipated that during FY 1967 total project requests from State and local sub-divisions will exceed fund availability and a portion of these requests will have to be deferred into FY 1968. The FY 1968 estimate recognizes this deferment action and also reflects additional requests anticipated from State and local political sub-divisions. Major emphasis will continue to be given to communications and warning equipment.

c. $5.0 million for emergency operating centers.-An emergency operating center (EOC) is either a location within an existing building or a specially constructed facility where the decision-makers of State or local government convene in peacetime or wartime emergencies to direct the required survival and recovery actions. EOC's provide a degree of protection against the effects of nuclear weapons, have auxiliary electric generators, and special communications with all elements of emergency government. In addition to its emergency use, the EOC is used on a day-to-day basis in most communities as the headquarters for the civil defense staff and other elements of emergency government such as fire and police.

The development of EOC's throughout the Nation is a continuing activity and as of December 31, 1966, there were a total of 2,711 EOC's of which 2,148 were in use and 563 were in process.

The importance of the EOC to local government is evidenced by the fact that 1,891 EOC's have been designated and financed as necessary by State, county, and municipal governments without Federal financial assistance. Although many of these do not meet the OCD recommended standards, the fact that they are in use indicates that local governments recognize the need for centralized emergency direction and control. OCD is in the process of making fallout protection and communication analyses of each of these so as to recommend specific improvements.

Because OCD emphasizes austerity, the average Federal cost of an EOC has decreased from about $102,000 in FY 1962 to about $27,000 at the present time. This results from dual use of space and construction of EOC's in existing buildings that have or can be modified readily to provide adequate fallout protection. Impact of House Action.-a. Since FY 1963, the increase in the number of new political subdivisions participating in the P&A Program has increased approximately ten per cent each year. At this rate, $20 million will be required for FY 1968 to maintain growth pattern of the program.

A decrease of $1.5 million in the FY 1968 appropriation would therefore cause a cut in the level of, if not preclude, new local participants in the program. It will also result in a decrease in the current level of activity since there is an approximate 5% yearly incremental increase in the cost of operation at both State and local levels that must be provided for. This is due primarily to increased salaries approved by State and local governments.

Federal matching funds for personnel and administrative expenses have been highly instrumental in developing trained, professional civil defense staffs which are able to carry out the civil defense role of State and local governments. They are fundamental units in the nation's civil defense posture; and, through the expansion of this program, OCD will gradually cover all levels of State and local government.

b. The proposed reduction of $1.5 million for survival supplies, equipment and training will seriously hamper our local communications and warning capability which is dependent upon federal matching funds for operation and maintenance. Due to dependence upon these funds, many local political subdivisions would have to drop their ability to warn the populace in the event of an emergency or nuclear attack and their communcations capability would also be greatly curtailed. The training of competent persons for emergency assignments will be affected leaving many communities without competent direction and control in an emergency.

It is currently estimated that at the start of FY 1968, OCD will have on hand requests for equipment and supplies amounting to approximately $2 million which could be financed during FY 1967 due to non-availability of funds. Providing for this back-log under the House allowance would mean that only approximately $1.5 million would be available for new requests during the fiscal year, compared with an average monthly request rate of approximately $450,000 in FY 1967.

11. Management, $13,227,000

Justification of President's Budget Submission. The funds provided in this budget program cover the salaries, travel, and supporting expenses of the specialized management staff of the Office of Civil Defense engaged in program and policy development, technical guidance, and evaluation of the total National Civil Defense program.

The management of the Civil Defense program is performed in the same manner as other defense systems in the Department of Defense. It includes all the steps in a program from inception to completion. These activities include: research leading to scientific basis for the program; program definition, phasing, and costing; determination of existing resources that can be applied to the program; acquiring additional resources as necessary through the programming and budgeting process; development of techniques and procedures to direct and evaluate the accomplishment of the program.

The management concept governing the size and character of the OCD staff is to make maximum possible use of the appropriate capabilities of other elements of government Federal, State and local . . . when such joint effort will avoid duplication of resources, and will otherwise aid in strengthening civil defense against nuclear attack as well as the ability of government at all levels to cope with similar disasters, man-made or natural. Hence, in executing the civil defense program, Office of Civil Defense staff is utilized primarily as a top management agency to assist in planning and directing or coordinating the implementing participation of over 28 separate elements of the Department of Defense and 13 other Federal agencies as well as providing plans, guidance and assistance to States and other political sub-divisions to develop a capability for non-military defense to meet the needs created by an emergency.

During FY 1964-1965, work was started on the phase of operational shelter system development defining precisely what each citizen should do in time of emergency and getting this information to each individual. This shelter planning is the foundation of local civil defense and the base on which the total community civil defense system is developed. Based on techniques developed in pilot areas, a national program was implemented in 1966.

Shelter deficits in each locality are being precisely identified by this community shelter planning process. Overcoming the shelter deficit in any community will require the most effective combination of a variety of techniques. OCD is providing direct assistance to communities in making these determinations by assignment of Federal personnel from the OCD regional offices to work directly in urban communities.

No increase in personnel is being requested for FY 1968.