of mentally retarded children through grants to institutions of higher learning and to State educational agencies." These fellowships are designed to help prepare (1) instructors and directors of college or university programs for professional preparation in the field of education of the mentally retarded; and (2) supervisors and directors of educational programs for mentally retarded children in State and local school systems.

Both public and nonprofit private schools which offer a graduate program for the preparation of professional personnel in the education of the mentally retarded may apply for participation in this program. Available fellowships are allocated to participating institutions and the institutions award the individual fellowships for the purpose of training persons engaged, or preparing to be engaged, as instructors in college programs for the training of teachers of the mentally retarded. The institution receives $2,500 per year for each fellow enrolled for tuition fees and other costs of training.

Two fellowships have also been allotted during the first year of this program to each State department of education for preparing directors or supervisors of educational programs in this special field of mental retardation. These fellowships may be used by qualified persons for study at public or nonprofit private institutions of higher education having a graduate program for the preparation of professional personnel in the education of the mentally retarded.

In order to receive a fellowship an individual must: (1) Be an American citizen or be a permanent resident of the United States; (2) have completed a baccalaureate degree or its equivalent; and (3) have had 1 year of teaching or supervisory experience in special education.

Fellowships under this program are awarded for full-time graduate study and should be directed toward a specific degree, professional diploma, or official certification. Each award is for a period of 1 academic year. An individual may not receive fellowships totaling more than 3 academic years under this program.

Persons selected for participation receive the following stipend: $2,000 for a fellow in his first graduate year of study; $2,400 for a fellow in his second graduate year of study; and $2,800 for a fellow in his third graduate year of study. An added allowance of $400 is provided for each dependent.

During the 1959-60 school year 75 fellowships, exclusive of the number allotted to State departments of education, were awarded to 19 institutions of higher education. For these fellowships, $430,000 was disbursed. The additional 100 fellowships awarded to the States required another $570,000.

MORRILL-NELSON AND BANKHEAD-JONES FUNDS FOR LANDGRANT COLLEGES

Federal funds for the encouragement of college level vocational education were first authorized by the Morrill Act which was signed by President Lincoln in 1862. The fundamental purpose of the law was to insure the development in each State of at least one college. adapted to the educational needs of those engaged in agriculture and industry. The institutions established or designated to receive the Federal assistance provided by this legislation are generally known as "land-grant" colleges and universities since they were assisted through grants of public lands.

Under the act, grants to the States of 30,000 acres of land, or the equivalent in scrip, for each Representative and each Senator were authorized by the Morrill Act. State legislatures were expected to provide sites and essential buildings and to make additional appropriations for necessary operating expenses. A provision of the act requires that monies derived from the sale of the land in each State shall constitute a perpetual and irreducible fund, the income from which is for the support of its land-grant colleges and universities. Later, in 1890, after nearly three decades of establishing and developing the land-grant colleges, the second Morrill Act was approved. It provided for an initial appropriation of $15,000 for each State or Territory with the amount to be increased by $1,000 each year for 10 years to a total annual appropriation of $25,000. Then in 1907, the Nelson amendment to the Land-Grant College Act was adopted and the appropriation to each State and Territory was increased $5,000 annually for a period of 5 years. Thus, the total amount under both the 1890 and the 1907 acts was $50,000 per State.

Additional appropriations for the land-grant colleges and universities were also authorized by the Bankhead-Jones Act of 1935 and the amendments of 1952. These new funds were to be distributed to the States as follows: $1 million annually to be distributed as flat grants of $20,000 to each State; and $1,501,500 to be allocated to the States in the proportion which the total population of each is to the total population for the Nation as determined at the last preceding decennial census. It should be observed that the funds discussed here pertain to only one kind of Federal assistance for these land-grant colleges and that they also receive other Federal funds for programs related to experiment stations, extension service, veterans education, and research.

The Federal funds thus appropriated and authorized for appropriation and certified as granted are presented in column 4 of summary table 3 for the 1958-59 school year and in table 15 for the 1959-60

Table 15.-FEDERAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED UNDER AUTHORIZATION OF MORRILL-NELSON AND BANKHEAD-JONES ACTS FOR INSTRUCTION AT LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES: 1959-60

1 The Negro land-grant college in this State receives a stipulated proportion of funds.

school year. The amounts remain the same for these years inasmuch as the only variable grant is based upon the decennial census. It should be noted that Puerto Rico participates only in the appropriations of the second Morrill Act of 1890 and the Nelson amendment of 1907.

Federal funds received through the Morrill Act and similar legislation constitute only a small part of the total amount of Federal assistance in which land-grant colleges participate. However, the other and larger amounts allotted to these colleges are reported separately since the programs are specifically identified for other purposes and are sometimes distributed to many additional colleges. Chief among these programs are agricultural extension work, agricultural research, support of State agricultural experiment stations, veterans' education, and programs of cooperative research, all of which are described elsewhere in this bulletin.

NDEA PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION

In response to a nationwide recognition that education is closely related to national defense and to the future development of this country, the Congress approved the National Defense Education Act of 1958. In this act it declared:

that the security of the Nation requires the fullest development of the mental resources and technical skills of its young men and women. The present emergency demands that additional and more adequate educational opportunities be made available. The defense of this Nation depends upon the mastery of modern techniques developed from complex scientific principles. It depends as well upon the discovery and development of new principles, new techniques, and new knowledge.

To meet the present educational emergency requires additional effort at all levels of government. It is therefore the purpose of this act to provide substantial assistance in various forms to individuals, and to States and their subdivisions, in order to insure trained manpower of sufficient quality and quantity to meet the national defense needs of the United States.

The 10 titles of this act authorized Federal funds to the extent of more than $1 billion for grants and loans over the next few years. They touch levels of education from the elementary schools through the graduate schools, both public and private. Except for title IX, which establishes a special service in the National Science Foundation, the act is administered by the U.S. Office of Education.

Programs for titles II through VII and title X are presented in the pages which immediately follow. Since the title numbers for the programs are apparently assigned in the act with no thought of recommended order, the programs are arranged here in alphabetical order. For identification purposes, however, the title numbers are given in the first lines of the program discussions. Provisions for "vocational

education" in title VIII are not presented separately at this point since they are an integral part of the vocational education program in the Office of Education and are described later in the chapter. Also, reference is made to the provisions of title IX in chapter 12 entitled "Independent Federal Agencies," since it is administered by the National Science Foundation and should be described in conjunction with the programs of that agency.

COLLEGE STUDENT LOANS

The Student Loan Program, authorized under title II of the National Defense Education Act, provides loan funds to colleges and universities to assist qualified and needy students to continue their education beyond high school.

Participating institutions of higher education are responsible for assessing the loan needs of their own students and for administering loan funds. This procedure is based on the belief that the institution alone can effectively perform these tasks.

To assure an equitable allocation of funds, the Office of Education has established certain criteria for reviewing institutions' requests. These were adopted by the U.S. Commissioner of Education on the recommendation of an appointed 12-member consultant panel of college administrators with wide experience in student financial assistance programs.

The law provides that participating institutions shall contribute not less than one-ninth of the Federal contribution and that special consideration in making loans should be given to students with superior academic backgrounds who are preparing to teach in elementary or secondary schools or to students whose academic backgrounds indicate a superior capacity or preparation in science, mathematics, engineering, or a modern foreign language. Undergraduate and graduate students in good academic standing may borrow up to $1,000 a year to a maximum of $5,000.

Repayment is to be made to the institution granting the loan beginning 1 year after the student completes his full-time college study. Payments may continue over a 10-year period at an interest rate of 3 percent a year. Students who become full-time teachers at a public elementary or secondary school are "forgiven" 10 percent of the Federal loan for each academic year of service up to a maximum of 5 teaching years or 50 percent of the loan.

Congress appropriated $6 million for the Student Loan Program in January 1959 and in May 1959 an additional $25 million was appropriated. These funds were allocated to the States in proportion to their full-time enrollment in institutions of higher education and the State allotments were apportioned to the institutions within each