number of diplomas and certificates attests to the extent of this activity. During the 1958-59 school year, 407 high school diplomas, 200 junior high school diplomas, and 443 elementary certificates making a total of 1,050 certificates were granted to inmates for the completion of satisfactory programs.

Table 97 indicates the number of courses offered, individual enrollments, the number completing courses, and the number of certificates issued from 1954-55 to 1959-60. During the 1958-59 school year, it was estimated that the expenditure for this program amounted to $436,000.

CORRESPONDENCE COURSES

Each institution provides correspondence and self-study courses to supplement regular classroom and shop instruction. Many of these courses are developed within the institutions, but a large number are obtained direct from licensed correspondence schools. Some are used as preliminary study; some as interim assignments; and others as a formal part of a high school, college extension, or vocational-training course. Approximately 45 percent of the inmates were enrolled during 1959-60 in correspondence courses, and 4,258 actually completed at least one such course. It is estimated that the expenditure for these courses amounted to $60,000 for the 1958-59 school year. This amount is included with other amounts reported in table 99.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING

During the 1958-59 school year about half of the inmates were enrolled in vocational training. Of this total number, 1,278 completed courses and received certificates of achievement. These were approved certificates issued by the State divisions of vocational education and other special accrediting agencies such as Apprenticeship Councils, Civil Aeronautics Board of Airplane Mechanics, and Licensing Boards for Barbers, Dental Technicians, and Hospital Attendants. In addition to sponsoring and financing the vocational training program, Federal Prison Industries, Inc., a Government-owned corporation, appropriates funds out of its earnings for operating an inmate employment-placement service. This service consists of five units regionally located in five institutions. Its main function is to develop suitable employment opportunities for inmates who have been trained for specific occupations and who are about to be released and also for others who may need special help in finding post-release employment. For 1958-59 the placement offices found jobs for 1,878. Approximately 10 percent of these jobs are in fields directly related to the training and work experiences gained in the institution.

Table 98.-VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN FEDERAL PENAL INSTITUTIONS: 1953-54 TO 1958-59

Since the vocational training programs and the placement service summarized in table 98 are financed out of earnings of Federal Prison Industries, Inc., the expenditure of Federal funds is not required for these services. Total expenditures for vocational training and placement for the past 10 years are reported in table 99. This information was obtained from the Bureau of Prisons.

Table 99.-FEDERAL FUNDS EXPENDED FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN FEDERAL PENAL INSTITUTIONS: 1950-51 TO 1959-60

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

The Federal Bureau of Investigation in the Department of Justice is concerned with the enforcement of laws and with protecting America's internal security. Enforcement responsibilities include the detection of violations, apprehension of those who violate the Federal laws, and assistance to State, county, and local law-enforcement agencies. In this work, there are important opportunities to provide instruction to State and local police officials over the Nation. Edu

cational services are provided chiefly through the FBI National Academy and assistance in Police Training Schools as described in this chapter. Information for these two programs was furnished by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

FBI NATIONAL ACADEMY

Since July 29, 1935, when the FBI National Academy was established, a total of 3,878 law-enforcement officers representing all States, the outlying parts of the United States, and many foreign countries have been graduated from the 12-week academy course. The academy trains officers so that they are better prepared for responsibilities as police instructors and administrators. More than 28 percent of the graduates are now the executive heads of the State, county, or local law-enforcement agencies with which they are associated. Many of the graduates have provided courses of instruction in their departments for their coworkers.

An average of about 60 men attend each of the two sessions held annually by the FBI National Academy. Instruction is given at the FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C., and at the FBI Academy on the U.S. Marine Corps Base at Quantico, Va.

For both of these schools at Washington, D.C., and Quantico, Va., 12 weeks of instruction are offered. Among the topics discussed are: police organization and administration, fingerprint indentification, laboratory, public speaking, traffic, juvenile delinquency, teaching techniques, police records, crime-scene searches, the handling of evidence, and testifying in court. One week is given to instruction in firearms. Civil liberties are stressed and courses are given in constitutional law and ethics in law enforement. Class lectures, seminar discussions, and actual field work are included in the course. Staff members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation provide most of the instruction. In addition, lectures are given by nationally known experts including outstanding criminologists, police officials, newspaper editors, and educators. These individuals give instruction in their special fields of endeavor.

An applicant student for the FBI National Academy must be a law-enforcement officer who has not attained the age of 51 at the time the session begins. He must be recommended by the head of his department, possess a high school diploma or a military equivalency certificate, and have at least 5 years of experience in law-enforcement work. If the head of the department desires to nominate himself, he may do so, Before being accepted, the FBI conducts a thorough background investigation to determine the applicant's character, loyalty, reputation, and physical fitness. There is no charge for tuition for any part of the training. The officer, however,

must pay his own travel and living expenses. In most instances, State, county, or local law-enforcement agencies pay all or a large part of these expenses.

Table 100 indicates that 518 officers have attended the FBI National Academy from 1957-58 to 1959-60 at an estimated cost of $23,600.

Table 100.-FEDERAL FUNDS EXPENDED AND NUMBER ATTENDING THE FBI NATIONAL ACADEMY AND POLICE TRAINING SCHOOLS: 1957-58 TO 1959-60

The FBI conducts Police Training Schools for local law-enforcement officers upon request. These schools may be designed for the recruit and the relatively inexperienced officer or provide advanced training. Topics discussed may include fingerprint indentification, testifying in court, defensive tactics, firearms, report writing, photography, crime-scene searches, law-enforcement ethics, and supervisory responsibilities.

During the 1958-59 school year, the FBI participated in 2,556 Police Training Schools. In the previous school year, 2,724 schools were held. Table 100 indicates that 235,080 officers have attended the Police Training Schools from 1957-58 to 1959-60 at an estimated cost of $677,986.

Chapter 9

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

'REATED by an act of Congress in March 1913 the Department of Labor, among other responsibilities, is charged with administering and enforcing statutes designed to advance the public interest by promoting the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, improving their working conditions, and advancing their opportunities for profitable employment. Educational programs have been employed to meet this responsibility in the Department as it functions to supply subject-matter information that will make workers more effective in their jobs; and provide workers with information concerning labor laws, union methods, contracts, grievances, economics, and other factors which will help improve their working conditions.

The following special publications and services of the Department of Labor are identified as contributions to education but are not further described in this chapter: (1) The Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and used extensively by high schools and other educational institutions as a counseling and guidance reference for young people; (2) a counseling and guidance reference of special interest to young women students published by the Women's Bureau; (3) the promotion of school-age employment certification programs, stay-in-school campaigns, educational opportunities for.children of migrant workers, and improved State and Federal child-labor laws provided by the Bureau of Labor Standards; and (4) the arrangement and provision of educational training programs for the foreign visitors by the Office of International Labor Affairs in cooperation with the International Cooperation Administration in the Department of State.

Three specific programs for education in the Department of Labor are described in detail in this chapter: (1) Apprenticeship and Training; (2) Foreign Visitors Program; and (3) Testing, Counseling, and Placement Services.

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