The two programs together constitute the National Bureau of Standards Graduate School program for which a single catalog and listing is available to the students. Out-of-hours classes are held outside of regular working hours and all costs for such instructions are covered by fees paid either directly to the cooperating universities or through the graduate school office. There are approximately 1,111 students enrolled in the various courses each academic year.

The school is a nonprofit organization. Operating expenses are paid from student fees and instructors are paid for after-hours instruction. These funds are supplied by students who pay $12 per semester hour for instruction. An educational committee composed of senior staff members plans the courses and administers the school. This committee serves without reimbursement other than regular salaries for their Federal employment.

Even though the graduate school is not a degree-granting institution, many of the courses are sponsored by a recognized institution of higher learning in which the students register and receive resident as well as academic credit. The school and the cooperating institution jointly select the course and the instructor. Credit for course work toward a degree is earned and transferred to the registrar of the university or college in which the employee is enrolled. Advanced degrees have been obtained by more than 285 students who have used course or dissertation work completed at the National Bureau of Standards Graduate School as a partial fulfillment of their requirements for degrees.

EMPLOYEES NONRESIDENT TRAINING

As an extension of the objectives of the graduate school, the National Bureau of Standards has established a training program for Bureau personnel under the authority of the Government Employees Training Act of 1958. This training conducted through universities and research centers includes postdoctoral study, research assignments, institutes, seminars, concentrated courses, and job-related academic courses. Periods of training fall in three categories: full-time longterm, full-time short-term, and part-time. Expenses paid for participants include tuition, related fees, travel, and per diem, and in addition, transportation of family and household effects for those taking full-time long-term study.

Table 75 presents a summary of the expenditures and the number of employees participating in this program for the 1957-58 to 1959-60 school years. Data pertaining to this program are reported in columns 3 and 4 of the table.

Table 75.-ESTIMATED FEDERAL FUNDS EXPENDED AND NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS: 1957-58 TO 1959-60

POSTDOCTORAL RESIDENT RESEARCH ASSOCIATESHIPS

Each year a limited number of research associateships are supported by the National Bureau of Standards. Appointments are for a 1-year period and are made on the basis of recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Associates are given advanced training in basic research in the various branches of physical sciences. While acquiring basic knowledge, participants have opportunities for developing new scientific approaches and laboratory skills thereby advancing scientific knowledge. A summary of the Federal funds expended and the number participating as research associates for the 1957-58 to 1959-60 school years is reported in columns 5 and 6 of table 75.

effective service. Programs in research are also needed to secure new facts basic to the defense program and they often provide opportunities for research personnel to further their education. These programs of training and research proceed during peacetime for the development and training of military personnel and to discover, develop, and test new methods and materials which may be important to the defense of the Nation.

Most of the educational activities in the Department of Defense are directly related to defense but, in addition, the Department has found it important to the maintenance of morale to provide elementary and secondary school services for dependents of military and civilian employees when their families join them for overseas assignments. Also, further opportunities are provided by the Department for the extended education of military personnel while off duty to enable them to secure additional schooling that may be useful after they have regained civilian status. These and several other educational activities of the Department of Defense are described in this chapter. Information concerning these programs was obtained directly from the Department of Defense.

EDUCATION FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL

Educational programs, which are designed to meet the specific requirements of the Armed Forces, provide a gradual improvement in the educational level of military personnel and give specilized training affording career opportunities. These educational programs are conducted at the service academies as well as through specialized offerings at civilian institutions. Excluded from this report are a number of other programs conducted at civilian institutions which require no payment of expenses for education by the military departments. Except for the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and the Air Force Institute of Technology, both of which have direct relationships with

civilian institutions, the programs described here exclude the extensive training programs which military services conduct in their own training centers and schools. Also excluded are the joint service schools such as the National War College, Armed Forces Staff College, and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.

SERVICE ACADEMIES

The three service academies, including the U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo., the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., and the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., offer academic training which is comparable to that of civilian colleges. Young men from all of the States attend these institutions. Selection for attendance depends upon a formal application and specific appointment. Bachelor of Science degrees are granted upon completion of the 4-year course at each academy. Graduates are commissioned and required to serve on active duty for 4 years. Average enrollments in the academies during the 1959-60 school year were approximately 1,500 for the Air Force, 2,400 for the Army, and 3,600 for the Navy. Funds for the operation of academies are reported in table 76. Amounts given in the table do not include the regular military pay and allowances.

Table 76.-FEDERAL FUNDS EXPENDED FOR ACADEMIC TRAINING OF MILITARY PERSONNEL AT CIVILIAN SCHOOLS AND SERVICE ACADEMIES: 1950-51 TO 1959-60

AIR FORCE PROGRAMS AT CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS

Department of the Air Force educational programs at civilian institutions are conducted under the sponsorship of the Air Force Institute of Technology. The institute also conducts an extensive resident

program at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. Civilian institutions, including colleges, universities, hospitals, and industries, are used whenever they can best provide the training or education required by the Air Force. The programs may be those regularly offered by the institutions, or they may be designed by the Air Force at the undergraduate or graduate levels.

Education in civilian institutions is offered in engineering, biological and physical sciences, management, foreign languages, and medical fields. In addition to these courses, which normally run from 9 to 24 months, the Air Force uses civilian institutions for a variety of short courses of less than 20 weeks' duration. Generally, students make application for the education or training available and are selected on a competitive basis. All expenses for these programs are paid by the Air Force. During 1959-60 a total of more than 4,900 students participated in the programs arranged at civilian institutions. Funds expended for these educational services are included in the totals of column 7 of table 76.

The Air Force Institute of Technology resident school program at Dayton, Ohio, covers the fields of engineering, management, and logistics. This school is accredited for awarding bachelors degrees in aeronautical engineering, electrical engineering, and business administration. A total of about 600 persons attended the resident school during 1959–60.

ARMY PROGRAMS AT CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS

Two types of educational programs at civilian institutions are administered by the Army: (1) The program for officers and (2) the program for enlisted men. Participating officers and enlisted men are able to extend their education by obtaining additional credits and degree recognition from accredited collegiate institutions. Each of these programs is separately described in the following paragraphs. Program for officers.-The Army has established a program for training military officers at civilian educational, commercial, and industrial institutions. This program is correlated with training conducted in the service school system and covers both undergraduate and graduate work. Officers participate in this program only to the extent necessary to meet Army and certain joint agency requirements. Participation is limited to qualified regular Army officers, warrant officers, and officers of the reserve components on active duty. Reserve officers must have completed not less than 4 nor more than 12 years of continuous active military service and must have been approved for extension of active service. All officers selected for training for a period exceeding 20 weeks must agree to remain on active duty at