Training grants. The National Institutes of Health award the following two types of grants to training institutions:

1. Undergraduate training grants.-These grants are awarded by the Cancer, Heart, and Mental Health Institutes to certain professional schools to establish, improve, or continue instruction relative to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases within the fields of interest of these institutes. Awards are made by the Cancer Institute to schools of medicine, dentistry, and osteopathy; by the Heart Institute to schools of medicine, osteopathy, and public health; and by the Mental Health Institute to schools of medicine and osteopathy and to collegiate schools of nursing.

2. Graduate training grants.-Awards of this kind are made by all of the Institutes (Cancer, Heart, Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Dental Research, Mental Health, Neurological Diseases and Blindness, and Allergy and Infectious Diseases) and by the Division of General Medical Sciences (DGMS). While the purposes of these grants vary according to needs in the fields of interest of the various institutes and DGMS, their general intent is to increase the number and improve the quality of trained personnel in the medical science fields with which the institutes and DGMS are concerned. Graduate training grants provide funds to training institutions for several purposes including teaching and ancillary personnel, equipment, supplies, travel, and stipends for those trainees selected and paid by the institution receiving the training grant.

The Bureau of State Services awards indirect traineeships for professional personnel in the fields of air pollution through grants to various institutions and for professional public health training through grants to schools of nursing and schools of public health. Grants to schools of nursing for training of professional nurses in supervision, administration, and teaching are made by the Bureau of Medical Services through the Division of Nursing Resources.

Programs which furnish support directly to the trainee were first awarded in 1937-38 by the Cancer Institute, the oldest of the categorical disease institutes. Research fellowships in fields other than cancer were first awarded shortly after World War II, when the NIH's overall extramural grants program began. Undergraduate training programs began in the cancer field in 1947--48: in the heart field in 1948-49; and in the mental health field in 1949--50. Graduate training grants started first in the mental health area in 1947-48; then in the heart field in 1949--50; in the neurological and sensory diseases field in 1953-54; in the arthritis and metabolic diseases area in 195455; in the cancer and dental health fields in 1956-57; in the allergy and infectious diseases area in 1957-58; and in 1958-59 in the basic

or preclinical science areas covered by DGMS, which started operations in that same year.

A 9-year summary of Federal funds expended for traineeships and training grants from 1951-52 to 1959-60 is given in column 5 of table 53. Amounts have not been reported State by State and, consequently, the totals for the 1958-59 school year in columns 4 and 5 of table 53 are also listed in column 4 of the national summary table 2.

ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER

The Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, with headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, has its primary responsibility in research and investigations in the field of environmental sanitation. Technical training courses at the center are designed for professional personnel from State and local health departments, State control agencies, the Public Health Service, other governmental units, and universities. Industrial representatives who are cooperating with these agencies are also eligible to attend. Special training is sometimes arranged for foreign public health specialists.

Courses of training conducted by the center cover the fields of community air pollution, milk and food sanitation, radiological health, and water supply and water pollution. These short courses are designed to increase the proficiency of practicing professional personnel. This training conducted both in the center and in the various States provides a mechanism for the translation of new research findings into effective application.

Typical examples of courses offered by the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center are: Fine Particle Techniques in Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution Sources, Microbiological and Chemical Examination of Milk and Dairy Products, Sanitary Engineering Aspects of Nuclear Energy, Occupational Radiation Protection, Detection and Control of Radioactive Pollutants in Water, Organic Chemicals in Water, and Interference Organisms in Water Supplies. In view of the growing peacetime applications of nuclear energy, the radiological health training is designed to acquaint public health workers with the significance of ionizing radiation, the health hazards attendant on its use and existence in the environment, and methods of minimizing or protecting against such hazards.

The number of formal courses and the number of individuals participating from 1951-52 through 1959-60 are given in table 54. Individuals instructed in formal courses include State and local health personnel, foreign personnel, and others. Principal groups included in the latter category are institutional personnel, individuals from the staffs of scientific foundations, a number from the Department of

Defense, from other Federal departments, and from industry. The participation of Federal and industrial personnel is usually incidental to programs organized for State and local personnel making applications for a particuar course Federal funds allotted for the educational programs are reported for the past 9 years in table 55. The amount for this program for the 1958-59 school year is also listed in the national summary table 2.

Table 54.-NUMBER OF FORMAL COURSES OFFERED BY THE ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER AND THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS TAKING THESE COURSES: 1951-52 TO 1959-60

Table 55.-FEDERAL FUNDS ALLOTTED FOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OF THE ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER: 1951-52 TO 1959-60

SAINT ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL

This institution was established in March 1855 as the "Government Hospital for the Insane" and was renamed "Saint Elizabeths Hospital" in July 1916. At this hospital, treatment is provided for several classes of mentally ill persons, including those residing in the District

of Columbia; beneficiaries of the Veterans Administration; beneficiaries of the U.S. Public Health Service; insane persons charged with or convicted of crimes in the United States courts, including the courts of the District of Columbia; certain American citizens found insane in Canada, the Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands; and certain Foreign Service personnel and members of the military services admitted to the hospital prior to July 16, 1946.

In addition to providing the health services required in the treatment of patients, an extensive program of training for staff members who care for the patients at St. Elizabeths and other similar hospitals is offered. Those who take definite courses of study include students of nursing and occupational therapy, clinical psychology interns, medical interns, chaplains, clergymen, and many citizens of the community who volunteer their services to the hospital.

TRAINING FOR STAFF AND VOLUNTEER WORKERS

At present, Saint Elizabeths Hospital is staffed with a Coordinator of Clinical Training located within the Division of Medical Services, and a Director of Training at the staff level located within the Personnel Section. In addition, other members of the hospital staff devote much of their time to the different training programs. Some impressions of the kinds of training and the individuals and groups instructed from 1957-58 to 1959-60 may be obtained from the following items:

1. Under the direction of Nursing Education: 144 graduate nursing students, 85 undergraduate nursing students, and 1,127 students from the basic schools of nursing have received training.

2. Under the direction of Occupational Therapy: 44 students from Occupational Therapy Schools have completed the Intern Training Program. 3. Under the direction of the Psychotherapy Branch: 1,325 different individuals have received training in dance therapy, and 31 individuals and 56 groups have received training in psychodrama.

4. Under the direction of the Volunteer Services Branch: 379 citizens from the community who wish to volunteer their services to the hospital have received training.

5. Under the direction of the Psychology Branch: 12 clinical psychology interns, 8 externs, and 2 students doing research for the Ph. D. degree have received training.

6. Under the direction of the Chaplain Branch: 116 Roman Catholic seminarians and ordained priests; and 88 Protestant chaplains, community clergymen, and seminarians have received training.

7. Under the direction of the Medicine and Surgery Branch: 9 surgical residents, 3.5 radiology residents, and 35 medical interns have received training.

8. Under the direction of the Office of the First Assistant Physician: 70 psychiatric residents have received training.

Expenditures of Federal funds for educational programs at Saint Elizabeths Hospital are not reported in tabular form and no Federal expenditures are included in the summary tables. These services are conducted as a part of the regular work of the hospital. It would be difficult to separate amounts expended for education from other parts of the budget. Information about these educational programs was furnished by Saint Elizabeths Hospital.

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

The Social Security Act, approved on August 14, 1935, established a three-member Social Security Board for the purpose of administering the act. This Board and its staff became part of the Federal Security Agency in 1939. In 1946 the Board was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Administrator of the Federal Security Agency. Responsibilities under the act are now administered by the Commissioner of Social Security in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Recognition of the need for in-service training for newly recruited State personnel to maintain a high standard of service has encouraged the development of two educational programs for staff development. Funds for these State-administered programs are included in the Federal grants to State maternal and child health, and crippled children agencies, and to State public welfare agencies. These two programs administered by the Children's Bureau and the Bureau of Public Assistance, are described in this section. State and local staff members who receive their salaries in whole or in part from Federal funds may participate in these programs. Students are appointed under an approved merit system.

In addition, the Social Security Administration (SSA), under the authority of the Government Employees Training Act, has sent selected SSA staff members for training to colleges and universities. This Federal-employee training is generally in short-term courses or seminars, but a limited number of employees have participated in regular academic courses for a semester or more. Expenditures for training under the Government Employees Training Act have been $4,187 and $12,949, respectively, for the 1958-59 and 1959-60 school years. These amounts do not include expenditures for the faculties and facilities of universities utilized for some of the special training programs conducted chiefly by Federal employees. Data for the programs which follow were furnished by the Social Security Administration.