tainment and other perquisites. This is the latest and most comprehensive study of salaries of presidents and other administrative officials, also of faculty members. The National Education Association plans to make similar studies, on a comparable basis, at 2-year intervals.

275. PALMER, ARCHIE MACINNES, 1896-. Presidential Salaries. Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 18: 222–228, May 1932. (Author:

Associate Secretary, Association of American Colleges, New York City; President University of Chattanooga, 1938–42.)

Gives data on salaries of presidents of 107 smaller liberal arts colleges (each with less than 700 students) for 1930-31, in three tables with text discussion. Amounts varied from $2,500 to $12,500, with houses provided in more than half the institutions. Makes various comparisons with salaries 150 years earlier as reported by G. P. Schmidt (see No. 61), and with salaries for 1930-31 in 94 state institutions.

276. REEVES, FLOYD WESLEY, 1890-; RUSSELL, JOHN DALE, 1895 ; GREGG, H. C.; BRUMBAUGH, AARON JOHN, 1890- ; and BLAUCH, LLOYD E., 1889-. The Liberal Arts College: Based upon Surveys of Thirty-Five Colleges Related to the Methodist Episcopal Church. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932. xxxv, 715 p. (Authors: (1) Professor of Education, University of Chicago; (2) Associate Professor of Education, University of Kentucky; (3) Business Manager, Albion College; (4) Assistant Professor of Education, University of Chicago; (5) Professor of Education, North Carolina College for Women.)

Covers many phases of the organization and administration of higher education as illustrated by the 35 institutions studied. Chapter 10, "Internal Administrative Organization," gives list of 11 duties of the president and presents seven organization charts which show various positions which he occupies in different institutions. Contains an extensive report on salaries of presidents, which vary from $2,500 to over $10,000, with median of $6,000, and compares them with salaries of presidents of 34 non-Methodist institutions. Tabulates the ratios of salaries of presidents to those of professors (median about 2.25 times as great), and compares this ratio with those in 34 non-Methodist institutions. Numerous references to other aspects of presidential responsibilities.

277. RUML, BEARDSLEY, 1894–1960, and TICKTON, SIDNEY G. Teaching Salaries Then and Now: A 50-Year Comparison with Other Occupations and Industries. New York: Fund for the Advancement of Education, 1955. 93 p. (Authors: (1) Formerly Treasurer, R. H. Macy & Co., New York; (2) Not identified.)

"The purpose of this study is to examine and to interpret available statistical information bearing on the changes in the economic status of the teaching profession that have occurred in this country over a period of years and to compare these changes with those in other professions and occupations." Includes data on presidents of land-grant colleges (p. 53).

278. "Salary Schedule Provisions and Salaries Paid in Degree-Granting Institutions, 1952-53." NEA Research Bull., 31: 135-167, December 1953. (Author: Not stated, but see No. 272.)

Based upon questionnaire returns from 417 institutions. Reports salaries in 1952-53 for presidents of 16 privately controlled universities, varying from $10,500 to $20,000, with median of $15,000; in 11 municipal universities, varying from $10,000 to $20,628, median, $18,000; in 31 land-grant Colleges, varying from $7,500 to $23,628, median, $15,000; in 50 State colleges, varying from $6,336 to $16,000, median, $9,800; in 73 teachers colleges, varying from $5,800 to $14,779, median, $9,410; in 24 large private colleges, varying from $7,500 to $24,000, median, $12,250; in 58 medium-sized private colleges, varying from $4,200 to $20,000, median, $8,000; and in 71 small private colleges, varying from $4,500 to $12,000, median, $7,500. The first of a planned series of such comprehensive salary studies to be made by the National Education Association. See Nos. 273, 274, 279.

279. Salaries Paid and Salary Practices in Universities, Colleges, and Junior Colleges, 1955-56. NEA Research Bull., 34: 112-161, October 1956. (Author: Not stated, but see No. 272.)

Similar to No. 278, but based on questionnaire returns from 989 institutions, or 64 percent of all invited to participate, including junior colleges. Presents detailed data on presidential salaries similar to No. 278. Median salary of all reporting presidents, $11,314. For latest similar data, see No. 274.

See also Nos. 26, 32, 36, 43, 46, 47, 68, 218, 240, 253, 344, 425, 438, 441.

5. Tenure

280. BOSSING, NELSON LOUIS, 1893-. Some Suggested Criteria for the Selection of College Presidents. Educ., 61: 399402, March 1941. (Author: Professor of Secondary Education, University of Minnesota.)

"A recent study of one hundred and fifty changes in the personnel of college and university presidents revealed the average tenure involved in these changes to have been approximately three years. This situation is startling." To improve it, suggests and discusses six criteria for selection of new presidents, involving unquestioned scholarship, potential leadership, institutional familiarity, democratic philosophy, judicious mind, and relative youth.

281. BRYAN, WILLIAM LOWE, 1860-1955. The Share of Faculty in Administration and Government. In National Association of State Universities, Proceedings, 1914, p. 92-96. (Author: President, Indiana University.)

In spite of the title, content deals chiefly with the functions and tenure of the college presidency. "I have the view that the office of university president is in one important respect like the office of Prime Minister in Great Britain. A university president in rare cases may hold his office when he no longer has the support of his constituency. As a rule, however, a university president must have something approaching unanimous support from the trustees, faculty, alumni, and other interested persons. Lacking such support, he ought to retire, just as Gladstone and Disraeli would... The history of the presidency in American colleges and universities shows that the tenure of men in that office is in fact very like the tenure of the British Premier as regards uncertainty and also as regards brevity." Gives somewhat detailed statistics on tenure of 415 representative college presidents-past and present. Average term for the 350 past presidents was 11 years. Average age at death, 68 years. Twenty-five percent were in office at age 65. "These facts show that the college or university presidency is an extra-hazardous occupation."

282. BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY, 18621947. Concerning Some Matters Academic. Educ. Review, 49: 391-399, April 1915. (Author: President, Columbia University.)

Address at Johns Hopkins University on Commemoration Day, February 22, 1915. Discusses the office of President, both in the

United States and abroad, particularly in Germany. "Judged by the length and the security of tenure of its various incumbents at different institutions, the office is what would be called in the business world an extrahazardous risk. Disturbance relating to it is not infrequent, and eviction from it is not unknown. Nevertheless, ambition to hold it is well-nigh universal among academic persons." Reviews outstanding early university presidents and their influence. "The duties and responsibilities of the office of university president may be summed up in very few words. They are the jealous care and close oversight of the work and interests of the university taken as a whole, and the guidance of its relations toward the public."

283. CARMICHAEL, OLIVER CROMWELL, 1891- . Faculty Versus Administration in Determining Educational Policy. In Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 46th Annual Report, 1950-51, p. 19-20. (Author: President, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, New York, N.Y.; Later, President, University of Alabama.)

"The early universities were communities of scholars with few administrative officers or trustees. . In the oldest of the British universities a president with indefinite tenure and a board of trustees, or regents, are unknown. The American plan has many advantages over the British."

284. CRABB, ALFRED LELAND, 1884-. An Exhibit in Tenure. Peabody Jour. Educ., 17: 284-298, March 1940. (Author: Faculty member, George Peabody College for Teachers, Tennessee.)

Lists names of presidents, past and present, and terms of office of 161 teachers colleges and normal schools in 43 states. "The data presented below are taken from a larger study which carries this material, together with biographical sketches of most of the presidents indicated, representing the administration of state normal schools and teachers colleges for a century. One of the original studies is in the archives of the American Association of Teachers Colleges at Oneonta, New York, the other in the vault of the library of George Peabody College for Teachers."

285. and JONES, WILLIAM CLARENCE. Tenure of Presidents of State Teachers Colleges. Peabody Jour. Educ., 9: 46-50, July 1931. (Authors: (1) See No. 284. (2) Faculty member, Eastern Kentucky Teachers College.)

Based on questionnaire giving "complete information concerning the number of years

of service of presidents and former presidents of 102 state teachers colleges." Principal information presented in five tables. "The above facts indicate that the position of president is more secure and permanent today than formerly. The median term of present presidents is practically twice as long as the median term of former presidents." One table gives information, by states, on maximum, minimum, and average terms of former and present presidents. Two others give names and other information on 23 former presidents who held their positions over 20 years (maximum, 46 years), and 18 present presidents who have held their positions over 20 years (maximum 32 years).

...

"A President who lasts ten years or more is regarded as something of a latter-day miracle. . . . Let us explore the reasons for this curious consideration." Considers the relations of the president to the trustees, to the faculty, and to the alumni. "Is there a solution? No, not as long as graduates become alumni, trustees are appointed for their prestige and wealth, and faculty members worship tenure."

287. DONEY, CARL GREGG, 1867-1955. Consider the College President. A8800. Amer. Coll. Bull., 20: 522-524, December 1934. (Author: President, Willamette University, Oregon.)

Paper presented by the president at commencement 1934 at the conclusion of 19 years of service, giving his reflections on the significance of the office. "Though there are only four or five college presidents for each million of population, they have a relatively large place in public thought. . . . Like the wild turkey and Indian corn, the college president is indigenous to the Western hemisphere. . . . No wonder the average duration of a college administration is three years and a fraction, evidence perhaps that men rush in where angels fear to tread. . . . [The college president] is not condemned to spend his life in dropping buckets into empty wells and drawing nothing up."

...

288. EDMISTON, R. W., 1894- . The Tenures of Publicly Controlled and Privately Controlled Colleges and Universities. Sch. & Soc., 49: 254–256, Feb. 25, 1939. (Author: Faculty member, Miami University, Ohio.)

576065-61- -5

Tabulates from 1898 to 1937 the year of beginning service of 120 presidents of publicly controlled institutions and 120 presidents of privately controlled institutions. Finds average for each group is 9.52 years. Then tabulates presidents of various subgroups: (1) public teachers colleges, state universities, technical and agricultural, municipal, and others; (2) private-non-sectarian, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Lutheran, others; (3) size, by five sizes of student body; (4) coeducational, men, women. Finds longest average tenure in non-sectarian private institutions (13.00 years), shortest in public municipal institutions (5.43 years).

289. Felicitations and an Accolade. Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 23: 415-421, December 1937.

"Felicitations and an accolade to each of that heroic group of our membership who have served as president of a member of our Association for 25 years or more. We are glad to list them on a roll of honor." Lists 28 such, earliest being Haywood J. Pearce of Brenau College, Georgia. Also lists 12 presidents in 1937 who were charter members of the Association at its organization in 1915. Prints brief tributes to each of them by J. N. Hillman, Francis P. Gaines, Rees Edgar Tulloss, W. W. Bartlett, L. W. Boe, Irving Maurer, Luther L. Gobbel, H. M. Gage, L. H. Hubbard, William P. Tolley, D. M. Kay, James R. McCain, and Winfred George Leutner.

290. GRAVES, FRANK PIERREPONT, 18691956. Our New College Presidents: With Fifty Pictures of New Presidents and Presidential Possibilities Together with an Interesting Composite Portrait of the New Type of Modern College Executive. Educ. Review, Supplement to Vol. 60, No. 4, November 1920, p. 1-16. (Author: Dean, School of Education, University of Pennsylvania; Newly chosen Editor, Educational Review.)

Discusses tenure and other characteristics of college presidents. "A fair average for the best known institutions would probably not be much beyond a decade. And the college administrations that have stretched over a full generation . . . could probably be counted on the fingers of one hand. This rapid change in personnel and policy is not surprising, for it is well known that the office of university or college president is one of the most exacting in the world." Comments on conditions in many specific institutions and presidential needs in them. "In view of this unprecedented change in the presidencies of our colleges and universities, the Educational Review has broken its invariable rule of nearly a generation, and has resorted to pictures." Gives portraits of

36 new presidents, and (a very unusual feature) portraits of 14 men "who are constantly being mentioned as likely to be chosen in the near future." Only two or three of them, however, ever became college presidents. Also gives a full-page composite shadowy portrait of "the typical modern college president." (For elements of this portrait, see No. 99.)

291. JONES, WILLIAM CLARENCE, 1899- . Tenure of Presidents of State Teachers Colleges. Peabody Jour. Educ., 26: 149– 151, November 1948. (Author: Faculty member, George Peabody College for Teachers, Tennessee.)

"The investigation was completed in 1948 and includes a record of the years of service of presidents and former presidents of 146 state supported institutions located in 40 states." Median term of service for incumbent presidents was 7.6 years; for their predecessors, 12.1 years. Longest term of service was 49 years. Gives names of all with 30 or more years of service. Also summarizes reasons why presidents relinquished their positions. Reasons given most frequently for 328 men: death, 147; requested to resign, 43; accepted another presidency, 35; accepted position in business or industry, 29; reached retirement age, 26.

292. KLEIN, ARTHUR JAY, 1884-. Director. Survey of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1930. 2 vols. (United States Office of Education Bulletin 1930, No. 9). (Author: With U.S. Office of Education.)

Contains one chapter on "Chief Executive Officer" (Vol. 1, p. 63-67). "Certain information has been collected covering age, marital status, place of birth, degrees, teaching experience, and authorship of 48 of the 52 incumbents of the office [of president] for the year 1928." Includes special consideration of tenure. "The length of service of the presidents is a question of vital significance.

...

A total of 308 presidents has served in 44 of the Land-Grant colleges since their establishment. . . . That there is considerable turnover is disclosed by the fact that 167 presidents served less than five years."

293. NYQUIST, EWALD B. Report of the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education. In Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, Proceedings, 1958, p. 26-31. (Author: Chairman, Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.)

Contains important revised statement, "The Meaning and Use of Accreditation." Reports that 35 percent of the presidents of institutions in the Association have held office 10 years or more.

294. PALMER, ARCHIE MACINNES, 1896. The Long-Term College President. Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 16: 243244, May 1930. (Author: Associate Secretary, Association of American Colleges, New York, N.Y.; President, University of Chattanooga, 1938-42.)

Names 7 individuals who had become college presidents before 1896 and others of earlier years with exceptionally long terms of office. Conclusion: "The college presidency is truly 'a dangerous trade', but there are some 'supermen' who have been able to meet its demands for as many as ten college generations." Duplicates in part material in No. 297.

295. Presidential Mortality. Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 16: 515-526, December 1930. (Author: See No. 294.)

...

"There have been over one hundred and fifty changes among college and university presidents during the past two years. . . . We can well ask for reasons why such an extensive replacement, involving nearly onefourth of our colleges, is necessary. Is the position of college president becoming untenable? Are its duties and responsibilities excessive? . Is the designation of the job as 'prexy's perilous task' more than a mere verbal figure?" Discusses reasons for the changes, including deaths, retirements, conflicts with boards of trustees, and calls to other positions. For new presidents, discusses their professional backgrounds, personal qualifications, and considerations which led them to enter upon their new work. Superseded to considerable extent by author's more extensive study, No. 297.

296. College Presidents, Old and New. Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 17: 522-527. December 1931. (Author: See No. 294.)

Comments on retirement of President John Grier Hibben of Princeton University, after 20 years of service. Finds that only three of 27 universities with membership in the Association of American Universities had longer terms of service for their presidents. Names various men in earlier history with long terms as president. Summarizes material from Thwing's The College President (No. 68). Compares with the author's earlier studies in the same field (Nos. 180, 295). A partial duplication of No. 297.

297. The College Presidency Under Scrutiny. Sch. & Soc., 36: 230235, Aug. 20, 1932. (Author: See No. 294.)

...

"More than 250 changes have occurred in the presidencies of American colleges and universities during the past three years and the number of such changes has been steadily increasing each year. Such a turnover in administrative ranks... challenges serious attention." Considers in nonstatistical form four reasons for termination of servicesdeath, ill health, conflicts with trustees, and attractions of business-and also discusses professional experience of new presidents— professional, administrative, theological, business, etc. Reports also various examples of extended tenure, longest being Eliphalet Nott, president of Union College for 62 years from 1802. See also Nos. 294 and 298.

298. Displacement and Replacement: Recent Changes Among College Presidents-Some Observations on the Turnover. Jour. Higher Educ., 3: 83-90, February 1932. (Author: See No. 294.)

Covers essentially the same ground as No. 297, but with omission of several paragraphs of that study.

299. Long Term College Presidents. Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 19: 102103, March 1933. (Author: See No. 294.)

"A careful examination of the tenure of office of college presidents reveals that there are no less than 50 college presidents in the country today who are at the present time serving in their second quarter century in the college presidency. Names them, but without giving their institutional connections, except in a few cases. For better list, with more information concerning them, see No. 300.

300. Long Term College Presidents. Sch. & Soc., 37: 755-757, June 10, 1933. (Author: See No. 294.)

A fuller report of the information given in No. 299. Gives names of the 50 individuals, with institutional connections, and dates of service as presidents. Comments especially on W. J. Boone, College of Idaho; J. H. Apple, Hood College, Maryland; S. B. L. Penrose, Whitman College, Washington; and E. D. Warfield, Wilson College, Pennsylvania.

301. SELDEN, WILLIAM KIRKPATRICK, 1911-. How Long Is a College President? Lib. Educ., 46: 5-15, March 1960. (Author: Executive Secretary, National

Commission on Accrediting, Washington, D.C.; formerly President, Illinois College.)

Based upon questionnaire returns from more than 1,000 presidents of degree-granting colleges and universities. The most comprehensive study made of average tenure of college presidents, disproving the frequently repeated "myth" that average is only 4 years. "Probably the most interesting statistic derived from this study shows that the average length of service of the current presidents in office at all types of colleges and universities is 8.1 years-twice the assumed or mythical four-year average for completed terms of office. For the colleges and universities founded before 1900 the average . . . is 10.1 years." Gives detailed tabulations for institutions according to type, control, size, type of student body, and geographical region. Also lists more than 50 presidents with terms of more than 25 years each. Longest was Eliphalet Nott, president of Union College, New York, for 62 years, until his death in 1866 at age of 93. Also makes comparisons of tenure of college presidents with that of 1700 corporation officials, finding "there is relatively little difference in average length of service between these two groups of current executives."

302. SNAVELY, GUY EVERETT, 1881- . The Continuing College President. Sch. & Soc., 61: 154, Mar. 10, 1945. Same in Assoc. Amer. Coll. Bull., 31: 122-123, March 1945. (Author: Executive Director, Association of American Colleges, New York City; President, BirminghamSouthern College, Alabama, 1921-38.)

"Three hundred and forty of our 600 member colleges have changed presidents during the seven and one half years that I have been Executive Director. The average term of office is 121⁄2 years. This average is about twice as large as the findings of a similar report made some 20 years ago." (See Palmer studies, Nos. 294-300.) Names 18 who have served from 30 to 47 years each. "The records would indicate that those who came into the presidency from other professions than from college faculties are most likely to have the shorter term of office."

303. STEARNS, ROBERT LAWRENCE, 1892-. Academic Tenure: From the Viewpoint of Administrators. In Association of Governing Boards of State Universities and Allied Institutions, Proceedings, 1952, p. 97-103. (Author: President, University of Colorado.)

Quotes "Harry Risdon's [perhaps a stenographer's phonographic error for Henry Wris