v. T. H. Garrett & Co., 78 Fed. Rep. 472; Meyers v. Kalamazoo Buggy Co., 54 Michigan, 215.

Even if the Halls were at liberty to use their name in the safe.business, the decree of the court below should be affirmed because of petitioner's fraudulent conduct, which has rendered any qualified use of the name by him an injury to the respondent.

MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.

This suit was brought in the Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois, by the Hall Safe and Lock Company against the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company, and was removed by the latter to the United States Circuit Court. The bill sought to enjoin the defendant from representing itself to be the successor of the Hall Safe and Lock Company and otherwise, as need not be stated in detail. The defendant answered, denying the plaintiff's rights and setting up its own. At the same time it filed a cross-bill to which it made the petitioner Donnell, the president of the plaintiff company, a party, and by which it sought to enjoin the plaintiff and Donnell from carrying on the safe business under any name of which the word Hall is a part, or marking or advertising their safes with any such name, etc., unless made by the defendant or its named predecessors in business. The bill was dismissed by the Circuit Court, no appeal was taken, and it is not in question here. On the cross-bill an injunction was issued as prayed and an account of profits ordered. This decree was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 143 Fed. Rep. 231; S. C., 74 C. C. A. 361. Subsequently an injunction was granted by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, but in much more limited form, after a consideration of the present case. 146 Fed. Rep. 37; S. C., 76 C. C. A. 495. Later still a certiorari was issued by this court.

The facts are as follows: About sixty years ago Joseph L. Hall started a business of constructing safes, and in time at

tached a reputation to his name. In 1867 he and his partners organized an Ohio corporation by the name of Hall's Safe and Lock Company, which went on with the business. (This was not the plaintiff, which is an Illinois corporation of much later date.) Hall was the president, a part or the whole of the time, until he died in 1889. He owned the greater part of the stock and his children the rest. In 1892 the Ohio company sold all its property, including trade-marks, trade rights and good will, and its business as a going concern, to parties who conveyed on the same day to the Herring-Hall-Marvin Company. Subsequently this company's property was sold to the HerringHall-Marvin Safe Company, the party to this suit. In its conveyance the Ohio Company agreed to go out of business and get wound up, which it did with the assent, it may be assumed, of all the stockholders. The stock belonged to the Hall family, and connections, and they, of course, ultimately received the consideration of the sale. A part consisted of stock in the new company, which was distributed to them at once, and a part was money paid to the selling company about to be dissolved. By election and under a contract made on the day of the sale Edward C. Hall, a son of the founder, became president of the purchasing corporation, the contract reciting that it was made as part of the inducement to the purchase, and he agreeing in it to hold the office until May 2, 1897, to devote all his time to the interests of the corporation, and, so long as it might. desire to retain his services as stipulated, not to engage in any competing business east of the Mississippi River. Another son became treasurer under a nearly similar contract, and a sonin-law secretary.

Both sons resigned and left the service of the corporation August 1, 1896, and both were released, in writing, from their obligations under their contract. The next month the sons organized an Ohio corporation, under the name of Hall's Safe Company, which is party to the litigation in the Sixth Circuit, but is not a party here. The petitioner Donnell had been a selling agent of the original company, and afterwards of the

company that bought it out, having a place in Chicago, with a large sign, "Hall's Safes," on the front. In 1898 he, with others, organized the plaintiff, Hall Safe and Lock Company, the name differing from that of the original corporation only by not using the possessive case. This company does business in the petitioner's old place, with the old sign, and sells the safes of the present Ohio corporation as Hall's safes. It has accepted a decree forbidding it to go on under the above name. The question before us is upon the scope of the injunction finally issued, as we have stated, upon the cross-bill. That the petitioner contends is too broad, while the Herring-HallMarvin Safe Company contends that as against the Hall family and anyone selling their safes or standing in their shoes it has the sole right to the very valuable name Hall upon or for the sale of safes.

It no longer is disputed that the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company is the successor of the original Hall's Safe and Lock Company, or that it has the right to use the word Hall. But it is denied that it has the exclusive right. The name does not designate a specific kind of safe, and yet may be assumed to have commercial value as an advertisement even when divorced from the notion of succession in business,-a sort of general good will, owing to its long association with superior work. So far as it may be used to convey the fact of succession it belongs, of course, to the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company, and the narrower decree, made in the Sixth Circuit, was intended to prevent the present Ohio company from using any name or mark indicating that it is the successor of the original company, or that its goods are the product of that company or its successor, or interfering with the good will bought from it. But, as we have said, we presume that the word may have value, even when that idea is excluded, and when there is no interference with the good will or the trade name sold.

The good will sold was that of Hall's Safe and Lock Company. There is nothing to show that while that company was

going the sons of Joseph L. Hall could not have set up in business as safe makers under their own name and could not have called their safes by their own name, subject only to the duty not to mislead the public into supposing when it bought from them that it was buying their father's safes. Therefore it could not be contended that merely by a sale the father's company could confer greater rights than it had. But it was said that if a partnership had sold out by a conveyance in like terms the members would have given up the right to use their own names if they appeared in the firm name, that in this case the Halls received the consideration for the good will they had attached to their name, that they ratified the sale and necessarily assented to it, since otherwise the corporation could not have sold its property or have carried out its agreement to dissolve, and that under such circumstances a court ought to look through the corporation to the men behind it.

Philosophy may have gained by the attempts in recent years to look through the fiction to the fact and to generalize corporations, partnerships and other groups into a single conception. But to generalize is to omit, and in this instance to omit one characteristic of the complete corporation, as called into being under modern statutes, that is most important in business and law. A leading purpose of such statutes and of those who act under them is to interpose a nonconductor, through which in matters of contract it is impossible to see the men behind. However it might be with a partnership, Russia Cement Co. v. Le Page, 147 Massachusetts, 206, 211, when this corporation sold its rights everybody had notice and knew in fact that it was not selling the rights personal to its members, even if, as always, they really received the consideration, or, as usual, they all assented to its act. That it contracted for such assent, if it did, by its undertaking to dissolve, does not make the contract theirs. But the case does not stop there. The purchasing company had the possibility of competition from the Halls before its mind and gave VOL. CCVII-18

the measure of its expectations and demands by the personal contracts that it required. Those contracts were limited in time and scope and have been discharged.

A further argument was based on the confusion produced by the petitioner through his use of signs and advertisements calculated to make the public think that his concern was the successor of the first corporation and otherwise to mislead. This confusion must be stopped, so far as it has not been by the decree in force, and it will be. But it is no sufficient reason for taking from the Halls the right to continue the business to which they were bred and to use their own name in doing so. An injunction against using any name, mark or advertisement indicating that the plaintiff is the successor of the original company, or that its goods are the product of that company or its successors, or interfering with the good will bought from it, will protect the right of the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company, and is all that it is entitled to demand. See Howe Scale Co. v. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 198 U. S. 118; Singer Manufacturing Co. v. June Manufacturing Co., 163 U. S. 169.

Decree reversed.

LOEWE v. LAWLOR.

CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT.

No. 389. Argued December 4, 5, 1907.-Decided February 3, 1908.

After the Circuit Court of Appeals has certified questions to this court and this court has issued its writ of certiorari requiring the whole record to be sent up, it devolves upon this court under § 6 of the Judiciary Act of 1891, to decide the whole matter in controversy in the same manner as if it had been brought here for review by writ of error or appeal. The Anti-Trust Act of July 2, 1890, 26 Stat. 209, has a broader application than the prohibition of restraints of trade unlawful at common law.