Leviticus.

has several saw-mills and factories, a good hotel, a convent, a board of trade, and 2 telegraph offices.

LEVITA, ELIJAH (Halevi, Ben Asher; Ashkenasi the German, Habachur = the master, Hamedakdek the grammarian), a Jewish grammarian and exegete, who, though much overrated, still holds a high rank among Hebrew scholars, was b. at Neustadt, on the Aisch, near Nuremberg, in 1470. One of the then frequent expulsions of the Jews forced him to seek refuge in Italy, where he held a high position as teacher of Hebrew, first in Venice, next in Padua, finally in Rome (1514). Cardinal Egidio here became his patron and pupil,, but even he could not prevent Levita's again being expelled this city, together with his Jewish brethren, in 1527. He then returned to Venice, where he lived for the most part until his death, 1549. His principal exegetical and biblical works are a Commentary on Job in Verse, a German Translation of the Psalms, an Edition of the Psalms with Kimchi's Commentary, an Edition of the Targum to Proverbs, and of Kimchi's Commentary to Amos. His grammatical works are chiefly Masoreth Hammesoreth (Tradition of Traditions), a treatise on the vowel-points, etc., in the Old Testament; Tub Taam (Good Judgment), a treatise on accents; Sefer Habachur or Dikduk (Grammar), besides many minor treatises. In the field of lexicography he has contributed Meturgeman (= Dragoman), an attempt at a Talmudical and Targumical dictionary; Tishbi, a complement to Hebrew dictionaries; Shemoth Debarim (The Names of Things), a Hebrew-German dictionary; Nimukim, glosses to David Kimchi's Book of Hebrew Roots, etc. Most of Levita's works have been repeatedly edited and partly translated by Buxtorf, Münster, Fagius, and others, who owed most of their Hebrew knowledge to Levita exclusively-a fact not generally recognized.

LEVITES, the descendants of Levi (q.v.), who were singled out for the service of the sanctuary. The term is more particularly employed in contradistinction to priests (q.v.), in designating all those members of the tribe who were not of the family of Aaron. It was their office-for which no further ordination was required in the case of the individual—to erect, to remove, and to carry the tabernacle and its utensils during the sojourn of the Israelites in the wilderness. When the sanctuary had found a fixed abode, they acted as its servants and guardians, and had to assist the priests in their holy functions in the sanctuary and in their medical capacity among the people. The vocal and instrumental music in the temple was likewise under their care, as were also the general instruction of the people, certain judicial and administrative functions, the keeping of the genealogical lists, and the propagation of the Book of the Law among the community. In order to enable them better to fulfill these functions, no special part of the land was allotted to them, but they were scattered-in accordance with Jacob's last words (Gen. xlix. 7)-in Israel; 48 Levitical cities, among which there were also certain cities of refuge," being set aside for them on both sides of the Jordan; with out, however, preventing their settling wherever else they pleased. Their revenues consisted of the annual tithe (q.v.), and of a share in the second tithe, due every third year, and in the sacrificial repasts. The length of their service varied at different times. No special dress was prescribed for them until the time of Agrippa.

While in the desert not more than 8,580 serviceable men strong, they had, under David, reached the number of 38,000 men fit for the service, 24,000 of whom this king selected, and divided them into four classes-sacerdotal assistants, doorkeepers, singers and musicians, and judges and officers. A very small number only returned from the exile, and all the Mosaic ordinances with respect to their cities, tithes, share in sacrificial repasts, etc., were virtually abrogated during the second temple. Nothing but the service in the temple, in which they were assisted by certain menials called Nethinim, was left to them. It may be presumed that they earned their livelihood partly like the rest of the community, partly as teachers, scribes, and the like. Their traveling-garb consisted, according to the Talmud (Jebam., 122 a), of a staff, a pouch, and a Book of the Law. Foreign rulers also granted them exemption from taxes. This is the only tribe which is supposed to have kept up its pure lineage to this day, and certain, albeit small, signs of distinction are still bestowed upon its members, more especially in the case of the presumed descendants of Aaron (the Kohanim). But the purity of lineage is more than questionable in many instances.-Levites is also the name given to certain sacerdotal assistants in the Romish church.

LEVITICUS (Heb. Vajikra) is the name of the third book of the Pentateuch, containing chiefly the laws and ordinances relating to the Levites and priests. Little or no progress is made in it with respect to the history of the people, and the few events recorded are closely connected with the special aim and purport of the book. The erection of the sanctuary having been described at the end of Exodus, the nature of the worship-revealed by God within this tabernacle-is set forth in Leviticus, which forms its continuation. The order followed is not strictly systematical, but a certain plan is apparent, in its outlines at least.

The age and authorship of Leviticus will be considered, together with that of the other Mosaic" records, under PENTATEUCH. We shall confine ourselves to mentioning, in this place, that the whole of the supposed "original" or Elohistic document (se GENESIS) is by modern critics held to be embodied, in its primitiue shape, as nearly as possible at least, in the " Leviticus" as we have it now. Among the few additions and

Levita.
Leviticus.

alterations ascribed to the Jehovist are reckoned chapters x. 16-20, xx. 20-25, xxv. 18-22, and the greater part of chap. xxvi. (3-35), the second verse of which (end of Parashah xxxii.) is held to have concluded the Sinaitic legislation in the original document,

LEVITICUS (ante), the name taken from the Septuagint of the third book of Moses, and signifying "belonging to Levi," well represents its contents, which are precepts and ordinances for the government of the priests, Levites, and people in their special relations to God. The Hebrew title, which is simply the first word of the book, "And he called," also points it out as a collection of divine commands. These commandments, as recorded in this book, have reference to siu as committed by men; to the sacrifices which the people should bring as an atonement; and to the priests who should offer them in the people's name. understanding of the book, is that it exhibits divinely appointed emblems of divine The first great fact to be perceived, in order to a right realities. All that it records, the tabernacle, the priest, the altar, the sacrifice, the incense, are emblems employed by him who gave signs to his servants, the prophets, and in his own teachings used similitudes. This being kept in mind, the book may be regarded as presenting three principal topics: I. THE PRIESTS.-They were at once the representatives of the people in their relations to God, and of God in his relations to them. Every man in the nation was vitally interested in the duties and burdens of the office, and might justly have been required to bear his portion of them; and in regard also to its honors, all the people were a kingdom of priests. At the beginning of their history the first-born sons of all the families, in all the tribes, were to be consecrated to the Lord as representatives of the whole. Afterwards, as an equivalent for them, the tribe of Levi was set apart to the service. Of these the sons of Aaron were to be priests, and Aaron was to be the high-priest. The whole tribe was considered as performing one service, the magnitude and importance of which were represented both by the great number consecrated and employed and by the dignity of the high-priest. All the service performed by them all was crowned with his work, and the splendor vested in him irradiated them all. The high-priest was anointed with holy oil, compounded of the most precious materials and devoted strictly to that use alone. By this, poured on him and ruuning down to the skirts of his garments, he was consecrated to the Lord. He was clothed sometimes in splendid robes composed of blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen, and gold, elaborately wrought together, with a breast-plate of precious stones, and a miter on which blazed the inscription, formed of dazzling gems, This represented the majesty of God. At other times he was required to minister in 'Holiness to the Lord." plain linen garments, which were emblematic of the humility appropriate for men in their approaches to God. Bodily perfection and personal purification were required in the priesthood as emblems of the holiness necessary for all men in approaching to God. The priestly office was, according to divine command, to be transmitted from father to son, and the oldest son of the high-priest was to be his successor. ment, while the individual priest could not continue by reason of death, the office was made perpetual. II. THE SACRIFICES.-1. Sacrifices for the priests themselves By this arrangewere to be offered before they could officiate for the people. These were required specially at their consecration, and generally before they made atonement for the people. Thus their own sinfulness was acknowledged and atoned for separately, in order that, although compassed with infirmities, they might be accounted worthy to stand emblematically between God and the people. 2. No sacrifice could be accepted unless accompanied with the shedding of blood. That represented the life, and therefore the blood of animals was consecrated as an emblem of atonement for sin, and was to be applied to all things connected with the offering of worship. 3. The animals offered were to be taken from those most valued, and must be without imperfection or blemish. And to their life many other choice things were to be added-such as fine flour, pure oil, and frankincense-in order to increase the costliness and therefore the emblematic significance of the offering. 4. The sacrifices were to be numerous and perpetual. Every man was required to present offerings for himself whenever he sinned against God, or trespassed against his fellow-men; and for sins of ignorance, as well as for willful transgressions. After the settlement in Canaan, wherever a man lived, he was required to present his offering at the tabernacle or temple. These personal sacrifices were burdensome, and would frequently recur. and evening sacrifice was ordained; and on the Sabbath days this was doubled. On Besides these, a general daily morning feast days, additional offerings were prescribed. One day in every year was consecrated with special solemnity as a day of atonement, in which all the people were required to abstain from servile labor, and to afflict their souls, under penalty of being cut off from the congregation. On that day the high priest alone of all the priests and people, and he on that day only in all the year, was to enter the most holy place, taking with him blood, which he must sprinkle seven times before the mercy-seat. On that day the sinoffering consisted of two animals, one of which was sacrificed on the altar, while on the head of the other the high-priest laid both his hands, and confessed over it all the iniquities of the people and all their transgressions, putting them on its head, and sending it away into the wilderness. These solemn rites may be regarded as the closing sacrifice of the year, binding all together as one great offering, crowning them and imparting to them the highest measure of emblematic significance. All these were appointed to

be repeated year by year, through all generations, until the ordained end. III. THE SINS OF THE PEOPLE-1. Their punishment. There were flagrant crimes for which no sacrifice would avail. He who committed them was to be cut off from his people. There were also sins against the sacrifice itself for which, in the nature of the case, no atonement could be made. National judgments were threatened against the general violation of the law by the people at large. For first offenses, disease, famine, and war, in lighter measures, were denounced. If, notwithstanding these visitations, the people persisted in their offenses, sevenfold judgments would be sent. God would break the pride of power and make the heavens as iron and the land as brass. If then they refused to obey, wild beasts would be sent to destroy their children and cattle. If they were not reformed by these inflictions, the horrors of siege and of pestilence would be superadded. If still they were not subdued, their sanctuaries would be desolated, their cities laid waste, their land destroyed, and they themselves scattered among the nations. By these threatened judgments the evil nature of sin was powerfully pressed on their consciences and thoughts. 2. It was also emblematically set forth in the daily actions and circumstances of their lives. Of these, two may be specified: (1.) The distinction made between clean and unclean meat. All animals were divided into these two classes; the former of which only might be eaten, while the latter were to be an abomination in the sight of the people. While there may have been several reasons for this regulation, one object of it was to hold up the moral distinction between good and evil, holiness and sin, by reminding the people continually that in partaking of food they might do right or do wrong; and if in this constantly recurring act, so in all other actions of their lives. (2) The disease of leprosy was an emblem of the awful nature and consequences of sin. As the discase was seated in the body, so sin is in the soul; as the disease might be transmitted by hereditary descent, so the sinfulness of mankind is continued from age to age; as leprosy was often manifested at first only by a single spot which spread over the body, so sinfulness of heart, often betraying itself at first only by slight outward transgressions, may increase in power until the whole character is defiled. Leprosy sometimes entered into a garment or a house; then the garment must be burned, and the house destroyed. So, by the sinfulness of men, a land being defiled, may be doomed to destruction, as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed. Yet as to Israel, their land was not to be forever desolate, nor were they to be utterly and finally cast off.

LEV'ULOSE, a variety of glucose, differing from ordinary glucose or dextrose by the property of turning the plane of polarization of light to the left (whence its name) instead of to the right, as in dextrose. A mixture of these two sugars constitutes fruit sugar or, as sometimes called, invert sugar, which also possesses left-hand rotation, because of the excess of left-handed power of the levulose constituent. Cane sugar may be inverted or transformed into a mixture of dextrose and levulose by warming it with dilute acids, or by the addition of yeast or diastase. To separate the levulose the fruit sugar is mixed with slaked lime and water. A solid compound of levulose and calcium is formed, the dextrose remaining in solution, allowing the precipitate to be removed, which, when suspended in water, may be decomposed by carbolic acid gas, by which means pure levulose is separated, carbonate of lime being formed as an insoluble precipitate. The solution containing the levulose may be concentrated by evaporation. Levulose is formed also by the action of dilute acids on inulin. It is a colorless, uncrystallizable syrup, having the sweetness of cane sugar, and exhibiting most of the reactions of dextrose, but is more soluble in alcohol. Its rotatory power at ordinary temperatures is much greater than that of dextrose, but diminishes as the temperature rises, while the rotatory power of dextrose is the same at all temperatures. See GLUCOSE.

LEVY (Fr. lerée) is the compulsory raising of a body of troops from any specified class in the community for purposes of general defense or offense. When a country is in danger of instant invasion, a levée en masse is sometimes made-i.e., every man capable of hearing arms is required to contribute in person towards the common defense. On less urgent occasions, the levy may be restricted to a class, as to men between 18 and 40 years of age. At other times, a levy of so many thousand men of a certain age is decreed, and the districts concerned draw them by lot from among their eligible male population. In armies sustained by volunteering, the levy, which is a remnant of barbarous times, is unnecessary; but the system was frequently resorted to in France before the enactment of the conscription laws: 1862 has shown great levies in the United States of America; and in any country where great danger is apparent, and volunteers are not sufficiently numerous, recourse must at all times be had to a levy of the people.

LEVY, in law, the seizure of real or personal property by a sheriff in order to satisfy an execution against it. Real estate may be levied upon by setting forth by metes and bounds the portion seized; personal property must be brought into the actual possession or under the power of the sheriff.

LÉVY, a co. in w. Florida, on the gulf of Mexico, bounded n.w. by the Suwanee river; about 1000 sq.m.; pop. '80, 5.767-5,631 of American birth, 2,035 colored. Its southern portion is drained by the Withlacoochee river, forming its southern boundary and emptying into the gulf of Mexico. Its surface is generally level, consisting of exten

sive swamps and large tracts of tillable lands covered with pine and cedar forests, and bearing the name of the Gulf Hammock. The portion under cultivation has a sandy soil, and among its staple products are oats, corn, tobacco, cotton, wool, sweet potatoes, and sugar-cane. In 1870 it had 5 manufacturing establishments, employing 45 hands, with a capital of $12,000 and an annual product of $58,000. It has grist-mills, and mills for the manufacture of pine lumber, cedar pencils, and cotton-gins. It is traversed by the Florida railroad, having a terminus at Cedar Keys, and its coast is indented by Wacasassee bay and Cedar Key bay. Seat of justice, Bronson.

LÉVY, ÉMILE, b. France, 1826; pupil of the ecole de beaux arts of Paris, in which he obtained the grand Roman prize in 1854. His painting of Noah cursing Canaan," exhibited at the Paris exposition in 1855, was purchased by the government. Levy's most notable works since are Répas de Martyrs," "Ruth et Naémi," "la Rentré des foins," "Vercingétorix se rendant au César," "la Messe au Champs," "Venus ceignant sa ceinture," "Diane la Mort d'Orphée," "l'Arc-en-ciel," "l'Hesitation," "le Christ au tombeau." In 1867 M. Levy received the medal of the exposition and the cross of the legion d'honneur.

LEWES, the county t. of Sussex, market-t., and parliamentary borough of England, most picturesquely situated on the navigable river Ouse, 50 m. s. from London, and 7 from Newhaven, which is its port. Pop. 71. 10,753. Lewes is the seat of the assizes. It returns one member to parliament, and is the seat of election for East Sussex. Fairs are held here on Whit-Tuesday and May 6 for horses; on July 20, for wool: and on Sept. 21 and 28, for Southdown sheep, of which from 40,000 to 50,000 are often collected. The chief trade is in grain, sheep, and cattle. There are three iron foundries; and ship-building, brewing, tanning, rope-making, and lime-burning employ many of the inhabitants. Races are held here annually in July or Aug., near Mount Harry, on the Downs, where the celebrated battle of Lewes was fought, between Henry III. and the insurgent barons of the kingdom, on May 14, 1264. The castle, the principal tower of which now forms the museum of the Sussex archæological society, was long the seat of William de Warrenne, whose remains and those of his wife, Gundrada, daughter of the conqueror, were discovered here. Lewes is of very remote origin, and was the site of a Roman station or camp. Three papers are here published, and the town is governed by two high-constables.

LEWES, GEORGE HENRY, a versatile and influential English author, was b. at Griff, Warwickshire, April 18, 1817, educated at various schools, studied medicine for some time, and finally resolved to devote himself to authorship. In his twenty-first year, he proceeded to Germany, where he remained for two years, studying the life, language, and literature of that country. On his return to England, he took up his residence in London, and has ever since been one of the most industrious as well as successful of littérateurs. An intellect clear and sharp, if not remarkably strong; a wit lively and piquant, if not very rich; sympathies warm, if not wide; and a style as firm as it is graceful, have made Lewes one of the best of critics and biographers. He has contributed to most of the quarterlies and magazines of the day; edited (with admirable talent) the Leader newspaper from 1849 to 1854; composed novels, comedies, and tragedies: and, of late years, has turned his active mind to the study of physiology and cognate branches of science, in which he has won as high a reputation as in the lighter departments of literature. His principal works are his Biographical History of Philosophy (1845, a new edition of which, much enlarged, was afterwards published); The Spanish Drama, Lope de Vega and Calderon (1846); Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences (forming one of the volumes in Bohn's Scientific Library, 1853), a work which is not a mere translation of the French savant, but in several parts a complete remodeling, by which the style docs not suffer; Life and Works of Goethe, etc. (1855); Seaside Studies at Ilfracombe (1858); Physiology of Common Life (1860); Problems of Life and Mind (1873–74); On Actors and the Art of Acting (1875); and The Physical Basis of Mind (1877). In 1865 Lewes founded the Fortnightly Review, and for a time was its editor. He died Nov. 30, 1878.

LEWIN, THOMAS, b. at Ifield, Sussex. England; educated at Trinity college, Oxford; admitted to the bar in 1833, and in 1853 became conveyancing counsel to the court of chancery. He wrote a treatise on The Law of Trusts, but most of his works are of a religious character. Among them are The Life and Epistles of St. Paul; an Essay on the Chronology of the New Testament; Jerusalem, a Sketch of the City and Temple from the Earliest Times to the Siege by Titus; Siege of Jerusalem by Titus; and Fasti Sacra, or a Key to the Chronology of the New Testament. His work on Cæsar's Invasion of Britain, in which he questioned the correctness of the current belief as to the landing-place of that conqueror, involved him in a controversy with Dr. Airy, the astronomer royal, and led to new investigations. After the publication of his work on St. Paul, he devoted many years to a study of the apostle's missionary journeys, visiting in person nearly every place nimed in the accounts given in the New Testament of his journeyings. The results of these later researches are embodied in a second edition of his previous work, in two large volumes, profusely illustrated. His views as to the sacred localities of Jerusalem, especially in respect to the site of the temple, which differ from those of Robinson and others and have led to much controversy, have not been generally accepted.

LEWIS, or SNAKE RIVER, the great southern branch of Columbia river, United States of America, rises in the Rocky mountains, on the western borders of Nebraska territory, and after a circuitous course, the general direction is n.w. through Oregon territory, it joins the Columbia, near fort Walla-Walla, lat. 46° 6' n., long. 118° 40 w. Length, 900 miles.

LEWIS, a co. in n.e. Kentucky, having the Ohio river for its n. boundary, separating it from the state of Ohio, and the North fork of the Licking river for its s.w. boundary; drained by the branches of the Ohio, flowing from all portions of the county; about 430 sq.m.; pop. '80, 13,154-12,984 of American birth, 229 colored. It is largely covered with forests on a hilly surface with a limestone formation. Its soil is fertile along the water-courses, and is adapted to the raising of live stock, every variety of grain, fruit, dairy products, tobacco, wool, sweet potatoes, wine, and honey; other products are maple sugar, flax, and hops. Its capital is represented by tanneries, currying establishments, iumber, flour and saw mills, boat-yards, and manufactories of hubs and spokes. It had, in '70, 25 manufacturing establishments, employing 93 hands, with a capital of $71,150, and an annual product of $273,631. Seat of justice, Vanceburg.

LEWIS, a co. in n.e. Missouri, having the Mississippi river for its e. boundary, separating it from Illinois; 500 sq.m.; pop. '80, 15,925-15,080 of American birth, 1405 colored. It is drained by the Wyaconda river, flowing s.e., and the North and Middle branches of the Fabius river, flowing from n.w. to s.e. across the county, emptying into the Fabius and thence into the Mississippi. It is intersected by a branch of the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific railroad, from Quincy to Kirksville, in the s. w. section; and the St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern railroad, following the course of the Mississippi river. Its surface is well timbered and undulating. Its soil is a deep rich loam, fertile to a remarkable degree, and adapted to the raising of live stock, fruit, every variety of grain, tobacco, wool, sweet potatoes, and sorghum. Value of all live stock in '70, $1,006,610. Cash value of farms in '70, $5,239,259. It produced in '70, 1206 galls. of wine, and 16,707 lbs. of honey. Lumber of farms in '70, 1541. It had in '70, 165 manufacturing establishments, employing 497 hands, with a capital of $196,570, and an annual product of $677,943. Its leading industries are in the manufacture of lumber, carriages, cooperage, saddlery and harness, tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, and snuff. It has flour and saw mills and tobacco factories. Coal is found and limestone in great abundance.

LEWIS, a co. in n. New York, intersected by the Black river and its branches, among them the Beaver river, rising in a small lake on its eastern border, the Moose, and the Oswegatchie; 1280 sq.m.; pop. '80, 31,356. Its surface is hilly, rising in some portions to the height of 1400 ft., and in the w., that being the most productive region, to an elevation of 1500 and 1700 feet. It is well wooded with groves of sugar-maple and hard-wood trees, particularly in the eastern portion. It has excellent pasturage, and its soil along the river bed, having a sub-stratum of limestone, is very fertile, and adapted to the raising of live stock, every variety of grain, tobacco, wool, maple sugar, flax, and hops. Value of life stock in '70, $2,635,706. It produced in '70, 2,080,259 lbs. of butter and 7,331 lbs. of honey. It had in '70, 336 manufacturing establishments, employing 1487 hands, with a capital of $2,110,325 and an annual product of $3,573 600. Its leading industries are lumber, leather, cooperage, carriages, paper and wooden wares, woolen goods, pig iron, and tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware. Seat of justice, Lowville.

LEWIS, a co. in central Tennessee, having the Buffalo creek for its s. boundary, and the Duck river crossing its extreme n.c. corner; about 350 sq m.; pop. '70, 1986– 1985 of American birth, 188 colored. Its surface is diversified, sparsely settled, and is divided into hill, valley, and woodland, the latter predominating. Live stock is produced, peanuts, and every variety of grain. Seat of justice, Newburg.

LEWIS, a co. in s. w. Washington territory, drained by the Cowlitz river, flowing w. and s. w., having the Chehalis river for its n.e. boundary, running n.w. and empty ing into the Pacific; and part of the Cascade range of mountains for its e. border: 1700 sq.m.; pop. '70, 888-779 of American birth. It is thinly populated, and its surface is extensively covered with timber. The soil of its valleys is very fertile, and adapted to the raising of live stock, wool, dairy products, and every variety of grain. Its rivers are navigable, and it is intersected by a branch of the Northern Pacific railroad, which crosses it centrally, running from Olympia in a northern county to Kalama in the county directly s. of it. Its water-power is utilized by flour and lumber mills. Seat of justice, Claquato.

LEWIS, a co. in n. West Virginia, intersected centrally by the West fork of the Monongahela river running northward; drained also by the Little Kanawna river; about 475 sq.m.; pop. '80, 13,270-12,806 of American birth, 326 colored. It presents an uneven surface, alternate hill and valley, tillable lands, and extensive forests. It contains beds of iron and bituminous coal easily mined. Its soil is adapted to the raising of live stock, fruit, buckwheat, oats, corn, rye, wheat, tobacco, wool, sweet potatoes, and dairy products; also maple sugar, sorghum, and flax. It has woolen factories, and