the personal property over which such ownership extends. Thus, the finder of lost goods is answerable only to their rightful owner, and has a full title as against others; and one stealing stolen goods from a thief is chargeable with larceny. But a finder of stolen goods who subsequently converts them to his own use is not chargeable unless at the time of taking he had an intent to permanently deprive the owner of his property. The taking necessary to constitute larceny must be against the owner's consent, and if such consent be had, though fraudulently gained, there will be no larceny, but an obtaining of goods by false pretenses. But it has been held that there is a distinction between the cases of an owner who by fraudulent representations is induced to transfer his goods, and who intends and expects to be divested of his rights of property in them, and the case of an owner who parts for a time, as he supposes, with his property; while at the same time the person who gets possession of the goods intends to convert them to his own use and to deprive the owner permanently of them. It is held that the latter case may be larceny.

LARCH, Larix, a genus of trees of the natural order conifera, differing from firs (abies) of which, however, some botanists regard it as a mere subgenus-in having the scales of the cones attenuated at the tip, and not falling off from the axis of the cone when fully ripe, and the leaves deciduous and in clusters, except on shoots of the same year, on which they are single and scattered.—The COMMON LARCH (L. Europæa or abies laria) is a beautiful tree, growing wild on the mountains of the s. and middle of Europe, and found also in Asia, where it extends much further n. than in Europe, even to the limits of perpetual snow. The larch is not a native of Britain, and was not planted in any part of the island as a forest tree till the middle of the 18th c., when it began to be very extensively planted. Its introduction has changed the aspect of whole districts, particularly in Scotland. The perfectly erect and regularly tapering stem of the larch, its small branches, its regular conical form, and its very numerous and very small leaves, make its aspect peculiar, and very different from that of any other tree seen in Britain. It attains a height of 60 to 100 feet, and an age of 200 years. The male catkins are small and bright yellow, the female catkins generally purple and erect; the cones ovate-oblong, about an inch long, and erect. The larch grows rapidly, and is useful even from an early age; the thinnings of a plantation being employed for hop-poles, palings, etc.; the older timber for a great variety of purposes. It is very resinous, does not readily rot even in water, is not readily attacked by worms, and is much used in ship-building. It is, however, very apt to warp, and is therefore not well suited for planks.-Larch-bark is used for tanning, although not nearly equal in value to oak-bark. -In Siberia, where large tracts of larch forest are not unfrequently consumed by acci dental fires, the scorched stems yield, instead of a resin, a gum similar to gum-arabic, reddish, and completely soluble in water, which is known as Orenburgh gum, and is used for cementing and in medicine, and, notwithstanding a somewhat resinous smell, even as an article of food. In warm countries, a kind of manna (q.v.) exudes from the leaves of the larch in the hottest season of the year, having a sweetish taste, with a slight flavor of turpentine. It is gathered principally in France, and is known as Briançon manna, or L. manna.-The larch woods of Britain have of late years suffered greatly from a disease, in which the center of the stem decays; the nature and causes of which are very imperfectly understood, although it seems to be sufficiently ascertained that those plantations are peculiarly liable to it which are formed where any kind of fir has previously grown, and those least so which are regularly thinned, so that the trees enjoy abundance of fresh air. The larch does not dislike moisture, but stagnation of water is very injurious to it, and thorough drainage is therefore necessary.-There are varieties of the common larch remarkable for crowded branches, for pendulous branches, and for other peculiarities, which are sometimes planted as ornamental trees.-The RED AMERICAN LARCH or HACKMATACK (L. tenuifolia), distinguished by very small cones not quite half an inch in length, is common in the northern parts of North America, and on the Alleghany mountains, often covering extensive tracts. It is a noble tree, much resembling the common larch, and its timber is highly valued.-The PENDULOUS LARCH, or BLACK AMERICAN LARCH (L. pendula), is another very fine North American species, with larger leaves. The HIMALAYAN LARCH (L. Griffithsi) abounds in the Himalayas, but is generally a small tree of 20 to 40 ft. high. Its cones are larger than those of the common larch. Its wood is very durable.

LARCH (ante). One of the chief differences between these conifera and the pines and firs is their deciduous character. The American larch, or larix Americana, inhabits North America from Virginia to Hudson's bay. It is called hackmatack in Canada, but in the middle, southern, and western states, tamarack. It sometimes grows to 70 ft. in height, but is generally much smaller. It is occasionally found on uplands, especially in its northern habitats, but in the middle and southern states it grows in moist soils and shallow swamps, often where the muck or peat is quite deep. It is a slender, beautiful tree, having horizontal branches, but its shade is not dense. The primary leaves are scattered, the secondary ones are many in a fascicle, and are developed early in the spring, as soon as the frost is out of the ground, from lateral, scaly, globular buds. They are at first of a light, yellowish-green, becoming, when mature, dark-bluish, and changing again in the fall to a yellow. The sterile catkins, erect, round, one-quarter of

Largs.

an inch long, are borne near the ends of the branches. The fertile catkins are borne near the middle of the branches, half an inch in length, having a few scales, and of a crimson color during flowering. The ripe cone attains a length of about three-fourths of an inch. The distinction made in the article ante between red American (L. tenuifolia) and black American larch (L. pendula) is not maintained by most authors, who say that the difference is at most a variety, and is caused by difference in locality. The American larch is inferior to the European tree for ornamental purposes, the latter having more fully-leaved and pendulous branches, and cones one-half larger. The larix Europea is indigenous to central Europe, and flourishes particularly in the Alps, where it is a fine timber tree. It has been transplanted in Scotland, and the plantations have yielded profitable returns. Those of the dukes of Athol are celebrated, 14,000,000 larches having been planted on an area of over 10,000 acres previous to 1826.

LARCOM, LUCY, b. Mass.; having passed most of her childhood by the sea-side, went to reside in Lowell, Mass., contributing with her companions in the mill to a magazine called the Lowell Offering. She passed some years as teacher at Wheaton female seminary, Norton, Mass., and at Bradford academy, pursuing the same vocation in Illi nois, and subsequently editing Our Young Folks, a children's periodical, since merged in the St. Nicholas. She resides at Beverly Farms, Mass., a delightful summer resort, and contributes regularly to the leading periodicals of the day. The winter of 1878-79 she passed in Bermuda. Her writings are distinguished for a healthy moral tone. Prior to 1866 she published Similitudes, a volume of poems; in 1866, Breathings of a Better Life; in 1868, Poems, in 1874, Childhood Songs; in 1875, Idyl of Work; and more recently, Roadside Poems, and Hillside and Seaside; in 1879, American Scenery. She assisted the poet John G. Whittier in his compilation of Child Life; Child Life in Prose; and Songs of Three Centuries. She is quoted by the poet Henry W. Longfellow in his Poems of Places.

LARCY, CHARLES-PAULIN ROGER DE SAUBERT, Baron de, b. France, 1805; a lawyer, and strong defender of royal legitimacy; author of a work on the Revolution de la France; a determined opponent of both republicanism and Bonapartism, yet a member of Thiers's first cabinet of conciliation under the last republic, resigning his position as soon as it became evident that Thiers' government meant republicanism. In all, a persistent agitator for the restoration of an effete order of things in France.

LARD, the fat of the hog. Until after the first quarter of the present century, lard was only used for culinary purposes, and as the base of various ointments in medical use. The enormous extent, however, to which pork was raised in America, rendered it necessary to find some other applications for so valuable a material, and large quantities were pressed at a low temperature, by which the stearine and oleine were separated. The former was used for candle-making; and the latter soon became a very important article of commerce, under the name of "lard oil," which was found to be a valuable lubricant for machinery. As much as 20,000 tons of lard, stearine of lard, and lard oil have been imported in one year, more than two-thirds of which were from the United States of America. The manufacture of stearine candles and fine oleine from palm oil, cocoa-nut oil, and various kinds of grease, by Messrs. Price & Co., and other large manu facturers, has greatly diminished the imports from America.

LARDNER, DIONYSIUS, LL.D., a distinguished writer on physical science, was b. in Dublin, April 3, 1793, and first became known by his Treatise on Algebraical Geometry (Lond., 1823), and by a work on the Differential and Integral Calculus (Lond. 1825). In 1828 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy and astronomy in University college, London; and in 1830 he projected a sort of encyclopædia, consisting of original treatises on history, science, economics, etc., by the most eminent authors; and 134 volumes were accordingly published, under the general name of Lardner's Cyclopædia, between 1830 and 1844. Some of these volumes were from his own pen. A second issue of this work was begun in 1853. He published various scientific works, the most important of which are his "handbooks" of various branches of natural philosophy (1854-56). Lardner was also the author of the Museum of Science and Art, an excellent popular exposition of the physical sciences, with their applications. He died in Naples, April 29, 1859.

LARDNER, JAMES L., rear-admiral U. S. navy; b. Penn., 1802; entered the navy as midshipman in 1820; was appointed lieut. in 1828, commander in 1851, capt. in 1861. commodore in 1862, and rear-admiral on the retired list in 1866. He commanded the frigate Susquehanna in the battle of Port Royal, exhibiting great skill and bravery, and winning the special commendation of rear-admiral Dupont.

LARDNER, NATHANIEL, D.D., an eminent English divine, was b. at Hawkshurst, in Kent, in 1684, and studied first in London, and afterwards at Utrecht and Leyden. Lardner belonged to a body of English Presbyterians, who had become Unitarians. He died in 1768. Lardner was not a popular preacher; but his Credibility of the Gospel History, and his Jewish and Heathen Testimonies, have secured for him a permanent place among the modern apologists for Christianity. The last edition of his works, in ten volumes, appeared at London in 1828.

Largs.

LARE'DO, a t. in s. Texas, founded in the 18th c. by Spaniards, and situated 165 m. s.w. of San Antonio, Texas (which occupies the site of old fort Alamo), and on the road from that place to Saltillo, in Mexico, near the scene of the battle of Buena Vista; pop. '70, 2,046. It is on the e. bank of the Rio Grande, which separates Texas from the republic of Mexico, and is navigable at that point; on the opposite bank is the town of Nuevo Laredo, settled by those who preferred to live on the Mexican side of the line. Some attention is paid to agriculture in the raising of Indian corn; but wool and hides are the chief products. Flowers of great beauty grow wild on the prairie. Grapes are a natural growth of the soil, also mulberry trees and the vanilla. Wild animals abound, and the smaller kinds of wild fowl. A lucrative trade is carried on with the interior. The climate is healthful, and free from extremes of heat and cold, allowing two crops of corn in the season, and adapted to the economical rearing of cattle and sheep. Mustangs roam the plains, and are brought into subservience. Fort McIntosh, a trading post, is in the immediate neighborhood. It has one church, one newspaper, and an Ursuline convent.

LA'RES, MA'NES, AND PENA'TES were tutelary spirits, genii, or deities of the ancient Romans. The derivation of the names is not perhaps quite certain, but the first is generally considered the plural of lar, an Etruscan word signifying "lord," or "hero;" the second is supposed to mean "the good or benevolent ones;" and the third is connected with penus, "the innermost part of a house or sanctuary." The Lares. Manes, and Penates do not appear to have been regarded as essentially different beings. for the names are frequently used either interchangeably or in such a conjunction as almost implies identity. Yet some have thought that a distinction is discernible, and have looked upon the Lares as earthly, the Manes as infernal, and the Penates as heavenly protectors a notion which has probably originated in the fact that Manes is a general name for the souls of the departed, those who inhabit the lower world; while among the Penates are included such great deities as Jupiter, Juno, Vesta, etc. Hence we may perhaps infer that the Manes were just the Lares viewed as departed spirits, and that the Penates embraced not only the Lares, but all spirits, whether demons or deities, who exercised a "special providence" over families, cities, etc. Of the former, Manes, we know almost nothing distinctively. An annual festival was held in their honor, on Feb. 19, called Feralia or Parentalia; of the latter, Penates, we are in nearly equal ignorance, but of the Lares we have a somewhat detailed account. They were, like the Penates, divided into two classes-Lares domestici, and Lares publici. The former were the souls of virtuous ancestors set free from the realm of shades by the Acherontic rites, and exalted to the rank of protectors of their descendants. They were, in short, household gods, and their worship was really a worship of ancestors. The first of the Lares in point of honor was the Lar familiaris, the founder of the house, the family Lar, who accompanied it in all its changes of residence. The Lares publici had a wider sphere of influence, and received particular names from the places over which they ruled. Thus. we read of Lares compitales (the Lares of cross-roads), Lares vicorum (the Lares of streets), the Lares rurales (the rural Lares), Lares viales (the Lares of the highways), Lares permarini (the Lares of the sea), and the Lares cubiculi (the Lares of the bedchamber). The images of these guardian spirits or deities were placed (at least in large houses) in a small shrine or compartment called ædiculæ or lararia. They were worshiped every day: whenever a Roman family sat down to meals, a portion of the food was presented to them; but particular honors were paid to them on the calends, nones, and ides of the month; and at festive gatherings, the lararia were thrown open, and the images of the household gods were adorned with garlands.

LARGE. The longest note or mark of duration in ancient music; as, for instance, beginning with semi-breve, then breve, long, large; the proportion of time being as 1, 2, 4, 8. The breve is now the longest note in use, though its original signification did not indicate prolongation, but brevity of sound, the measure or unit of time in music having materially changed since the terms above given were in common use in the Gregorian music of the Roman church.

LARGESSE, money which, in early times, it was the practice to grant to heralds on certain state occasions, for proclaiming the style and title of the sovereign and his nobles. The regular fees, as recorded in one of the Ashmolean MSS., were: "At the coronacion of the king of England, c£ apparalled in scarlet. At the displaying of the kinge's banner in any campe, c. markes. At the displaying of a duke's banner, £20; at a marquis', 20 markes; at an earle's, 10 markes. The king marrying a wife, £50, with the giftes of the kinge's and queene's uppermost garments; at the birth of the kinge's eldest son, 100 markes; at the birth of younger children, £20. The king being at any syge. with the crowne on his head, £5.'

LARGO, an Italian word, used in music, to denote the slowest of all the tempi, and especially in compositions where the sentiment is quite solemn. Larghetto is the diminutive of largo.

LARGS, a small t. on the coast of Ayrshire, Scotland, a favorite resort for sea-bathers, is beautifully situated on the firth of Clyde, on a pleasant strip of shore, backed by hills, 18 m. below Greenock. The population in 1871 was 2.760, but the number is greatly

increased in midsummer. Here, in 1263, Alexander III. of Scotland, in the course of a war between that country and the Norwegian colonies of Man and the Isles, defeated Hacon, king of Norway, who, with 160 ships and 20,000 men, had descended upon the coast of Ayrshire. The results of this battle were the immediate withdrawal of the invading force, and the abandonment within three years of the Norwegian pretensions to the Scottish islands.

LARI, a t. in s. Italy, in the vicinity of a number of walled cities, 14 m. s.e. of Pisa, and in the province of that name. It contains an ancient castle, and fortifications still in good condition; pop. 10,081. The country in its vicinity is divided into small farms of from 4 to 15 acres, planted with vineyards, and producing large quantities of red and white wine. Corn, rice, and olives are raised, also fruit of every kind, and chestnuts, which often take the place of bread. The Arno, having its source in the Apennines, clothes the neighboring pastures with constant verdure. The clear and mellow atmosphere invests the landscape with the rich warm tints for which Italy is celebrated. Near by are a number of salt springs, and mines remarkable for the abundance and richness of their copper ore; also quarries of alabaster, adding to its material wealth. The neighboring small ranges of mountains, sloping toward the Mediterranean sea, are dotted with groves of pine, oak, and beech, and near the base are woods of chestnut and holm-oak; the plains being shaded by groves of the cypress, orange, citron, carob, and palm.

LARICIO. See PINE.

LA'RIDÆ, a family of birds, of the order palmipedes or natatores, called longipennes by Cuvier, from the length of wing which is characteristic of them. They are generally capable of protracted as well as of rapid and graceful flight; all of them are sea-birds, although some resort to breeding-places at some distance inland, and some follow the course of rivers to very considerable distances from the sea. Some of them are the most oceanic of all birds, being often seen far from any shore. They generally take their prey either by a sudden descent to the water during flight, or whilst swimming, and are not good divers. The hind-toe is small and free; the bill is pointed or hooked, but destitute of lamellæ. Gulls, skuas, terns, petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses, noddies, skimmers, etc., belong to this numerous family, which has many representatives in all parts of the world. They prey chiefly on fishes and mollusks, and are in general ready to eat any animal garbage.

LARI GOT, a stop of the organ, which is usually termed the "nineteenth." It is tuned an octave above the twelfth stop, or two octaves and a fifth above the diapasons. It has a single rank of metal pipes, and is found in some organs as one of the ranks of the mixture stops.

LARIMER, a co. in n. Colorado, separated from the North park by the Medicine Bow mountains, belonging to the Snowy range of the Rocky mountains on the w., and having for its n. boundary the territory of Wyoming; 2,000 sq.m.; pop. '70, 838—732 of American birth. The Cache la Poudre, rising in the Snowy range, flows s.e., emptying into the South Platte river, and Big Thompson creek, rising in Long's peak, in the extreme s.e., running e. into the same river, irrigate the country and afford waterpower, which is utilized by flour and saw mills. In the e. section the country presents an undulating surface, and a rich soil along the river valleys, producing barley, oats, corn, wheat, and wool. Product of butter in '70, 34,190 lbs. Value of all live stock in '70, $240,430. Fine timber grows on the mountains, which are extensively covered with pine woods, but eternal snow settles on their summits. The scenery is magnificent. Lignite and silver are found. The height of Long's peak in the s. w. corner is estimated to be 14,271 ft. above the level of the sea. The Colorado Central railroad intersects the e. portion. Number of manufacturing establishments in '70, 7, employing 31 men, with a capital of $35,400; annual product, $66,000. Seat of justice, Fort Collins.

LAR'INÆ, a group of birds often separated as a sub-family of laridæ (q.v.), including the gulls proper, the typical genus of which is larus (a gull). A chief characteristic of this sub-family is the hooked projecting upper bill, and also the want of a curve at the base. The genus larus has a square tail, and contains the largest and best-known species; rhodostethia has a wedge-shaped tail, and creagrus, a forked tail, both of the last-named genera being inhabitants of the Arctic ocean. See GULL.

LARIS SA (called by the Turks Yenitschir), a t. of European Turkey, in the province of Thessaly, and one of the most ancient and important in that territory, is situated on the Salembria (anc. Peneus), in lat. 39° 37' n., and long. 22° 28' east. It contains numerous mosques, from which arise many slender and dazzlingly white minarets. It carries on an important transit trade, with manufactures of silk and cotton goods, and Turkey-red dyeworks. Pop. 25,000. In ancient times it was celebrated for its bullfights.

LA'RISTAN AND MOGISTAN, two maritime provinces of Persia, bounded on the s. by the Persian gulf and the gulf of Oman, and on the n. by the provinces of Farsistan and Kerman.

LA RIVE, AUGUSTE DE, 1801-73; was educated in chemistry and natural science by his father, and was appointed a professor in the academy of Geneva. In 1864 he was elected one of the eight foreign members of the French academy. He devoted himself to the study of electricity, and wrote Traité d'Electricité Théorique Applicée (Paris, 1854-58, 3 vols.).

LA RIVE, CHARLES GASPARD DE, 1770-1834; b. Geneva, Switzerland; studied medicine and the natural sciences in England and in Edinburgh; in 1802 became professor in the academy of Geneva, and distinguished himself by researches in chemistry and natural history, and by his contributions on these subjects to the Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève and the Bibliothèque Britanique. Among his works may be noted: Observations upon the conversion of starch into sugar; and an Essay on the Theory of Chemical Proportions, and the Chemical Influences of Electricity.

La Rive, in the intervals of his scientific life, was much of a politician; was a member of the provisional council of Switzerland in 1813, which proclaimed a republic, and in 1817 was elected president of the council, from which he retired to his favorite studies. He was founder of the museum of natural history and the botanic garden of Geneva.

LARIX. See LARCH.

LARK, Alauda, a genus of small birds of the order insessores, section conirostres, the type of a family alaudide, to the whole of which the English name is commonly extended. In this family, the bill, although stout, and nearly conical, is more lengthened than in buntings and finches. The toes are long, and separate to the base; the claws long and little curved, that of the hind toe generally very long. The true larks (genus alauda) have also long wings, and great power of flight. Many of them are birds of passage. In common with almost all the family, they nestle and seek their foodseeds, insects, worms, etc.-on the ground; and in admirable harmony with this mode of life, their plumage exhibits much uniformity of coloring, so that when on the ground they may not readily be noticed by their enemies. The lark family is very widely distributed over the world. The COMMON LARK, FIELD LARK, or SKY LARK (alauda arvensis), is one of the best-known British birds, and notwithstanding the tameness of its brown plumage, is a universal favorite, on account of the sweetness of its cheerful song, which it pours forth whilst soaring and floating in the air, and which every one associates with pleasant scenes and delightful days. It more rarely sings on the ground. It is in great repute as a cage-bird, and sings well in confinement, but flutters its wings whilst singing, as if still desirous of soaring in the air. It abounds chiefly in open but cultivated districts. It is common in most parts of Europe, but from the more northern parts it migrates southward on the approach of winter. It is also a native of Asia, and is a winter visitant of the n. of Africa. It is not found in America. It makes its nest generally in an open field, and often under shelter of a tuft of herbage, or a clod of earth; lays four or five mottled eggs, and generally produces two broods in a season. It is not truly gregarious in summer, but in winter large flocks assemble together; and at this season multitudes of larks are taken for the table in the s. of England, in France, and other countries. They are often caught by horse-hair nooses, attached to a long line of packthread, to which the nooses are fastened at distances of about 6 in., the line being pegged to the ground at intervals of 20 yards. This mode is most successful when the ground is covered with snow, and a little corn is scattered along the line. The clap-net (q.v.) and trammel-net (q. v.) are also employed by lark-catchers, and great numbers of larks are taken in some parts of England by dragging the trammel-net over the stubbles and pastures. Twirling for larks is a pecuñar mode of turning to account the attractiveness which any glittering object possesses for these birds. It is a French practice. A piece of highly polished mahogany, or of some common wood inlaid with bits of looking-glass, is fastened on the top of a rod, so as to reflect the sun's rays upwards, and is made to twirl by means of a string. Larks are greatly attracted by it, congregate around it, and are readily shot in large numbers.-The CRESTED LARK (4. cristata), very similar in size and plumage to the common lark, but having the feathers of the crown of the head more distinctly developed into a crest, although a very common bird in many parts of Europe, and abundant near Calais, has very seldom been seen in Britain. The WOOD LARK (A. arborea), a smaller species, not unfrequent in some parts of England, but rare in Scotland, is a bird of very delightful song, and usually sings perched on the branch of a tree. It frequents wooded districts. Its nest, however, is made on the ground.-The SHORE LARK (A. alpestris), which has only in rare instances been found in Britain, inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, and is the only North American species. Its song is very sweet, and gladdens the visitor of such desolate shores as those of Labrador, where it breeds, amidst the tufts of mosses and lichens, with which the bare rocks are interspersed. It is a winter visitant of New England, and is sometimes seen as far s. as Georgia. The head has two erectile tufts of feathers, somewhat resembling those of horned owls. Black, white, and yellow vary the brown plumage of the shore lark.

LARKHA'NA, the capital of a district of its own name in Sinde, stands 145 m. n. of Hyderabad. It contains about 12,000 inhabitants, and manufactures silk and cotton, besides being one of the largest corn-marts in the country.