LA PORTE, a co. in n. Indiana, having a soil of great fertility, watered by the Kankakee, Little Kankakee, and Gallien rivers; about 580 sq.m.; pop. '80, 30,976— 23,802 of American birth. The surface is diversified by level plains and groves of timber, with prairie land productive of cereals and adapted to the raising of stock. Wool, maple-sugar, sorghum, honey, and pork are among the staple products. Number of farms in 70, 2,118; value, $11,368,264. Orchard product, $36,334. Value of all live stock, $1,082,302. Along the Kankakee river are broad marshes, lying in the s.e. and southern portion, separating it from St. Joseph and Stark counties, and it has a lake shore boundary of some extent on the n. w. corner. It is intersected by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago railway, and the Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago railroad. Number of manufacturing establishments, 111, employing 883 hands, with a capital of $653,340, and annual product of $1,234,366, engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, brick, carriages, iron castings, saddlery and harness, tin, copper and sheet-iron ware, and woolen goods. It has breweries and several flour and saw mills. Valuation of real and personal estate in '70, $20,000,000. Seat of justice,

La Porte.

LA PORTE, a flourishing t. in the n.w. of Indiana, United States, 12 m. from lake Michigan, and at the junction of several important railways. It contains 11 churches, a medical college, 3 newspapers, and large foundries, machine-shops, and manufactories. Pop. '70, 6,581.

LA PORTE (ante), a city in n.w. Indiana, with surroundings of great natural beauty, making it a popular summer resort. It is in the near neighborhood of 7 picturesque lakes, navigable by steamboats, and being a junction of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroad with the Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago railroad, it has every facility for transportation and passenger accommodation. It is 59 m. e.s.e. of Chicago, 27 m. w. of South Bend, and 148 m. n. w. of Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, 4 banks, including 1 national bank, a Roman Catholic seminary, Holly water-works, excellent public schools, and a public library of 3,000 volumes. Its manufactures are extensive, furnishing brooms, chairs, carriages, woolen goods, and agricultural implements. It contains the railroad repair shops, and several planing and saw mills.

LAPPENBERG, JOHANN MARTIN, a German historian, was b. July 30, 1794, in Hamburg. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, but afterwards devoted himself to historical and political studies. He resided for some time in London, and afterwards studied law and history in Berlin and Göttingen. He became the representative of his native city at the Prussian court in 1820, and in 1823 was appointed archivist to the Hamburg senate, an appointment which led to his discovery of many valuable historic records which were supposed to have been lost. In 1850 he represented his native city at the diet of Frankfort. One of his principal works is a Geschichte von England (2 vols. Hamburg, 1834-37; with continuation in 3 vols. Hamburg 1853, and Gotha, 1855-58, bringing down the history to the end of Henry VII.'s reign); the first volume of which has been translated into English by B. Thorpe, with the title of A History of England under the AngloSaxon Kings (2 vols. Lond. 1845), and the second with that of A History of England under the Norman Kings (1 vol. 1857). He was the author also of the following works, which are remarkable for the care and research which they display, viz., Urkundliche Geschichte des Ursprungs der deutschen Hansa (2 vols. Hamburg, 1830); Die Geschichte Helgolands (Hamburg, 1831); also an edition of Ditmar of Merseburg, and many valuable works relating specially to Hamburg and Bremen. He died in 1865.

LAPPS. See LAPLAND, ante.

LAPRAIRIE, a co. in s. w. Quebec, Canada, has a fertile soil, being watered by several streams furnishing convenient water-power, and separated in the s.e. from Richelieu river by the small co. of St. John. The Chateaugay river empties into lake St. Louis in the extreme n. w., and for its n. and n. w. border the waters of lake St. Louis are met by the St. Lawrence river, which also receive the Ottawa river, by two channels from the w. around the little island of Perrot; 173 sq.m.; pop. '71, 11,861-1351 Indians. In the extreme n. the Victoria tubular bridge spans the St. Lawrence river at the terminus of the St. Lambert division of the South-eastern railway, which forms its eastern boundary line, the Rouse's Point division of the Grand Trunk railway crossing the n.w. corner. It contains a settlement of the Iroquois tribe of Indians, called Caughnawaga, on the s. shore of lake St. Louis, opposite Lachine, which is a point of considerable commercial importance, being a rendezvous for steamers on all the navigable lakes and rivers, including the Ottawa line, and those of Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton. Between this point and Montreal, 8 m. above, are the celebrated Lachine rapids. In 1836 the first Canadian railway line, now a matter of history only, was in successful operation between Laprairie, connected by ferry with Montreal, and the town of St. Johns. Seat of justice. Laprairie.

LAPSE. A legacy is said to lapse if the legatee dies before the testator; for as a will only operates from the death of the testator, and at the time that legatee is dead, the legacy lapses; i.e., falls into and becomes part of the residuary estate. So as to a devise. See LEGACY.

Larme.

LAPSE (ante). A legacy may lapse in some cases when the legatee is alive at the time of the testator's death, as when a legacy being limited to A. B., to take effect when he reaches the age of 21 years, he dies before that age. At common law there was this distinction between a lapsed devise of real property and a lapsed bequest of personal property, that a lapsed devise passes to the heir-at-law in the absence of provision to the contrary in the will, while a legacy falls into the residue and passes to the residuary legatee, or, in case none is named by the will, to the next of kin. A lapsed devise or bequest should not be confounded with a void devise or bequest. The former occurs where the donee is dead at the time the will takes effect, i.e., at the death of the testator; the latter when the donee is dead or from any other cause incapable of taking at the time the will was executed. Where the devise is made to issue of the devisor, and the devisee is dead leaving issue, the devise will not lapse unless an intention to that effect be found in the will.

LAPSED (lapsi), the designation applied, in the early centuries of the Christian church, to those who, overcome by heathen persecution, did not continue faithful to the Christian religion. Their number was most considerable, when, after a long time of peace, the first general persecution under Decius began; but those who saved themselves by flight were reckoned among the lapsed, although their case was not regarded as equally bad with that of those who sacrificed to idols. The lapsed were at first punished by excommunication, and their reception into the church again was strenuously resisted; but in the 3d c. a milder course was generally adopted with regard to them. The treatment of the lapsed was one of the practical questions most earnestly discussed in the early church.

LAPWING, Vanellus, a genus of birds of the family charadriada (plovers, etc.), differing from the plovers chiefly in having a hind-toe, which, however, is small. The nasal grooves are also prolonged over two-thirds of the beak.-One species, the COMMON LAPWING, CRESTED LAPWING, or PEEWIT (V. cristatus), is a well-known British bird. It is also a native of almost all parts of Europe, and of some parts of Asia and of Africa. It is found in Bengal, in China, in Japan, and in Iceland; but it is not a native of America. It is not quite so large as a pigeon, and has the head surmounted with a beautiful crest. The head and crest are black; the throat black in summer, and white in winter; the back is green, glossed with purple and copper color. The name lapwing is derived from the sound which the wings make in flight; the name peewit (Scottish peesweep), with the French dixhuit, the Swedish wipa, the Danish kivit and vibe, the old English wype, the Greek aix, etc., from the plaintive note; the local Scottish teuch-head (tufthead), from the crested head. The lapwing is very plentiful in moors, open commons, and marshy tracts, in pairs during the breeding season; and in winter in flocks, chiefly on the seashore. Its artifices to prevent the discovery of its nest are very interesting. The nest is little more than a mere depression in the ground, and the full complement of eggs is usually four; but if some are taken away, the bird goes on laying, an instinct of which the egg-gatherers take advantage. The eggs are esteemed a great delicacy, and great numbers are sent to the London market, under the name of plovers' eggs, from the marshy districts of England. The bird itself is also highly esteemed for the table.-A pet lapwing in a garden is of great service in preventing the too great increase of worms and slugs. Some species of lapwing have wattles at the base of the bill.-The TERU-TERO of South America (V. cayanensis), a species with spurs on the wings, abounds on the pampas of South America, is noisy on the approach of travelers, like the common lapwing, and its eggs are likewise in the highest esteem as a delicacy.

LAR, an important t. of Persia, capital of the province of Laristan, is situated on a well-wooded plain, at the foot of a ridge of hills, 60 m. from the Persian gulf, and 180 m. s.s.e. of Shiraz. The bazaar of Lar is said to be the finest and most elaborate in Persia. Pop. 12,000, who manufacture swords, muskets, and cotton-cloth.

L'ARAISH, or LARACHE. See EL ARAISH.

LARAMIE, a co. in e. Wyoming, separated from Dakotah by the state line and the Black Hills, and from Nebraska by its frontier, the two constituting its e. boundary. The territory of Montana lies at the n., and Colorado on the s.; about 14,000 sq.m.; pop. '70, 2,957-1898 of American birth. It is intersected in the s. portion by the Union Pacific railroad with branches to Denver. It is watered by the Cheyenne river, an affluent of the Missouri, the North Fork and the South Fork, the Little Powder river, and numerous creeks and small rivers in the n., and in the s. the Niobrara river, the North Platte, Laramie, and their affluents. The n. w. portion is occupied by the Sioux Indian reservation, and the Black Hills belonging to the Ogallalla Sioux. In the s. is the old trading post of fort Laramie, and near the s. border fort Russell at Cheyenne. A considerable portion of the elevated surface of the county spreads out into what are called the Laramie plains; in other sections rising abruptly into buttes, or stretching away into the long ranges of the Laramie mountains. The soil of the bench-land, and in some localities along the river bottoms, has every element of fertility, and the tablelands are adapted to stock-raising. It had in 70, 10 manufacturing establishments employing 133 hands; capital, $226,000; annual product, $226,173; engaged in the manufacture of lumber, railroad ties, boots and shoes, clothing, tin, copper, and sheet

Larceny.

iron ware. It has several machine-shops, including the repair shops of the Union Pacific railroad. Since 1874 it has been rapidly settled by miners and prospecting parties; the Black Hills having developed mines of gold, carboniferous limestone, lead, and other minerals. The gold is found in connection with quartz. Harney peak rises to an altitude of 7,403 ft. above the level of the sea. The verdant valleys in this region furnish excellent pasturage, and are famous for their good water. The hills are covered with evergreen trees of fir and pine, with willows along the water-courses.

LARAMIE CITY, on the Union Pacific railroad, w. of the Laramie range of the Rocky mountains, in Albany co., Wyoming territory; 7,122 ft. above the sea, and 57 m. by rail n. w. of Cheyenne; pop. '75, 3,000. It was laid out in 1868 when the railroad was being surveyed across the Laramie plains, which stretch away on all sides from it, and by their excellent pasturage furnish the basis of a great cattle business for Laramie city. It is also the most convenient point for distributing merchandise from the railway to a large extent of sparsely settled mountain and valley, mining and grazing country beyond the Laramie plains, to which roads radiate from the town. From a cluster of shanties in 1868, mostly saloons and gambling-houses, standing like a forlorn-hope in the center of a houseless and treeless plain, it has become a thriving city with broad streets and trees planted to shade them, watered by a stream from the mountains, with good business blocks, hotels, schools, 2 daily newspapers, churches, banks, a cattle exchange, numerous comfortable residences, and a goodly proportion of educated and refined people. The Union Pacific railroad has extensive machine and repair shops here. Laramie city is noted as the first place in America in which women were summoned by law to form a jury.

LARAMIE MOUNTAINS, the eastern and lower divide of the Rocky mountain range crossing the lat. of 43°, and bounding the Laramie plains on the n.e. and east. This range is connected with the Big Horn mountains n.w. and the Black Hills n.e. "by low anti-clinals extending across the prairie, the most complete and beautiful to be found in the Rocky mountain region." Geologically, the Laramie mountains are made up of red syenite with fossiliferous strata, and outcrops of carboniferous triassic, jurassic, creta ceous, and in some places lignite tertiary; "the beds inclining from a central axis at different angles." Coal is found in several places in these mountains. The Platte river and its branches pierce the range in their flow eastward. Height from 7,000 to 9,000 feet.

LARAMIE PLAINS, in Wyoming territory, lat. 43°, long. 106° w. from Greenwich; an elevated basin of undulating prairie having an average elevation of more than 7,000 ft. above the sea, bounded on the e. by the Laramie mountains and on the w. and s. w. by the Medicine Bow mountains or main divide of the Rocky mountain chain; with an area of 4,000 to 5,000 sq.m.; and drained by the Big and Little Laramie and Medicine Bow rivers. The surrounding mountains are less high and rugged than those of the same range in Colorado, and its climate is remarkable in permitting the growth of the most nutritious grasses on so elevated a plain. Grazing is the great business on these plains. The usual winter snow-fall is not heavy, so that it is not only an admirable pas turage in summer, but a place where it is possible for cattle to live through the winter on the dried grass which they find where the snow is blown off the swells of the prairie. Here for many years the herdsmen of the w., n., and s. have been accustomed to drive their half-starved stock from the far interior valleys and fatten them for the fall market on the growing grass from June till Sept., when they would drive eastward. Now graziers have pre-empted or bought the springs, or sections of land along the watercourses, and even large tracts of the plains, which are fenced with barbed wire in threestrand fencing; so that private ownership and jurisdiction have largely taken the place of the roaming system of herding. Laramie City is the home of most of these owners, many of whom are men of education and represent a large eastern non-resident ownership that furnishes much of the capital used to buy stock, land, and fencing. The nual increase of cattle is about 40 per cent. The business is uniformly profitable on these plains, but ownerships change often, the lonely character of the business giving the successful a desire to remove to more populous regions again. Cattle form by far the greater part of the stock on these plains, and the old Texas wild long-horned cattle are rapidly giving way to crosses with the finest Durham and other blood, adding to the weight and fattening qualities of the stock, and to its docility. Sheep are being introduced into the hills; but, requiring more care than cattle, and being subject to loss from wolves and cayotes, that branch of herding is in its infancy. It is a remarkable peculiarity of cattle-herding on these plains, and also on those e. of the Laramie range, that after the fall" round-up' the cattle are left to wander at will for hundreds of miles to pick a living for themselves; and the owner may spend his winters in the east and find the animals just as well at the spring "round-up" as if they had been watched and herded.

Although the cereals may sometimes and in some places be grown on these plains. the season is too short between severe frosts to make a crop reasonably certain; and as to vegetables like potatoes, although they are grown at fort Saunders, and other points on the plains, it is only as an experiment, and not as a profitable culture. Three succes

Larceny.

sive months without a severe frost are unusual, notwithstanding genial spring, summer, and autumn weather is experienced through eight months.

LARBOARD, an obsolete naval term for the left side of a vessel, looking forwards. From its liability to be confused by the steersman with the not very different sound, starboard," the word was a few years ago officially abolished, and the expression "port" arbitrarily substituted. The terms starboard and larboard were originally Italian -questo bordo, this side (the right); and quello bordo, that side (the left); which were contracted into 'sto bordo and 'lo bordo, and finally became starboard and larboard. The word port is said to be an abbreviation of porta la timone, "carry the helm," suggesting the analogy of porting the arms on the left hand.

LARCENY is the technical legal term used in England and Ireland to denote the crime of stealing. Simple larceny means larceny unaccompanied with other crimes or circumstances of aggravation. Larceny is defined as an unlawful taking of things personal, with intent to deprive the owner, and without his consent. On each word and phrase of this definition many commentaries have been written; but as everybody understands what theft is, it is scarcely necessary to enter into detailed explanations as to the variety of circumstances attending its perpetration. The common law, which was very defective in not mentioning many subjects which are now capable of larceny, such as title-deeds, wills, pigeons, dogs, oysters, vegetables, fruits, fixtures, etc., has been amended by various statutes, the provisions of which have been nearly all consolidated in the recent act 24 and 25 Vict. c. 96. An ancient doctrine of the common law was that carriers, trustees, etc., could never be convicted of larceny, because they get the possession of the goods lawfully, in the first instance; but now these persons may be convicted of stealing, like others. Formerly, there was a distinction between petty larceny and grand larceny, according as the value of the thing stolen was under or above twelvepence; and the punishment was more severe in the latter case. The distinction has been abolished, and in all cases the crime of larceny is felony, though there are cer tain things, such as fruit, vegetables, hares, etc., the taking of which, though unlawful and often called stealing, is not treated as such, but is punished by a moderate fine or imprisonment. Whoever corruptly takes a reward under pretense of assisting in recov ering stolen property, unless he use due diligence to cause the offender to be brought to trial, is guilty of felony, and liable to seven years' penal servitude, or two years' imprisonment. Whoever shall publicly advertise a reward for the return of stolen property, stating that no questions will be asked, or promising to return to pawnbrokers or others any money advanced on such property, and also whoever shall print or publish such advertisement, shall forfeit £50 to any person who will sue for the same.

The punishment of larceny has varied in this as in all countries. In the Jewish law, it was punishable by fine and satisfaction to the owner. At Athens, it was converted from a capital offense into an offense punishable by fine. Our Saxon laws punished larceny, if the thing was above twelvepence in value, with death; but the law became subject afterwards to the softening effects of the benefit of clergy (q.v.). In 1827 the distinction of petty larceny was abolished, and every person convicted of simple larceny of any amount was made liable either to transportation or imprisonment; but later statutes have abolished the punishment of transportation, and now the general punish ment for simple larceny, and for felonies punishable like simple larceny, is penal servi tude for three years, or imprisonment not exceeding two years, with or without hard labor and solitary confinement, and in the case of a male under 16, with or without whipping-such whipping to be administered by a birch-rod, and not more than twelve strokes. In case of previous offenses, the term of penal servitude may be extended to seven or ten years. In some cases considered to be attended with great aggravation, as stealing linen, woolen, silken, etc., goods while in process of manufacture, if of the value of ten shillings, the term is increased to 14 years' penal servitude. In stealing cattle, the term is also 14 years, or imprisonment for two years. Larceny in a dwellinghouse of money or goods above five pounds in value, is subject to 14 years' penal servitude, or two years' imprisonment; and the same is the punishment, whatever be the value, if by threats any one therein is put in bodily fear. The same punishment is awarded to larcenies in ships, wharfs, etc. Larceny from the person, when attended with personal violence, is called robbery. Robbery is felony punishable with 14 years' penal servitude, or two years' imprisonment. If it amount only to an assault with intent to rob, the punishment is two years' imprisonment, or three years' penal servitude. Again, if the assault or robbery was with offensive weapons, or in company with other criminals, or attended with personal violence, the punishment is penal servitude for life. Larceny by a clerk or servant is punishable with 14 years' penal servitude, or two years' imprisonment. Larceny of letters by post-office letter-carriers is punishable with seven years' penal servitude, or two years' imprisonment, and if the letter contained money, with penal servitude for life. Receivers of stolen property are also guilty of felony, and punished with 14 years' penal servitude or two years' imprisonment.

Besides the offenses under the head of larceny which are indictable, there are many cognate offenses which have been included in the same consolidation statute, but which are considered so far of a petty nature as not to merit the solemn punishment by indict ment, and are left to be punished summarily by justices of the peace. Thus, some

offenses relating to wild animals and game are so treated; for example, hunting, carrying away or killing deer in the uninclosed part of a forest or park is punishable by justices with a fine of £50; and persons in possession of deer-skins, and not accounting for them, or setting snares for deer, incur a penalty of £20. Taking or killing, or setting snares unlawfully for hares or rabbits in inclosed ground by day, subjects the party to a penalty of £5. Stealing a dog is subject to a penalty of £20 over and above the value of the dog; and having a stolen dog or its skin in one's possession, subjects to a penalty of £20. Stealing birds, beasts, or other animals ordinarily kept in a state of confinement, or for any domestic purpose (not being fit for food), or willfully killing the same, with intent to steal, subjects to a penalty of £20, besides the value, or to six months' imprisonment. Killing or wounding house-doves or pigeons subjects the party to a penalty of £2, besides the value of the bird. Taking or destroying fish in a stream or water which is private property, subjects the party to a penalty of £5, besides the value of the fish; and angling in the same induces a penalty of £2, besides seizure of the fishing tackle. Stealing trees and shrubs or underwood worth 1s., subjects the party to a penalty of £5; so does stealing or destroying fences, or posts, wires, etc., used as such. Stealing fruit or vegetables from gardens, etc., subjects the party to a penalty of £20, besides the value, or to six months' imprisonment. Stealing cultivated roots or plants used for the food of man or beast, or for medicine, growing in fields, etc., subjects the party to a fine of 20s., besides the value, or to one month's imprisonment. Having shipwrecked goods knowingly in one's possession, or exposing the same for sale, subjects to a penalty of £20, besides the value, or to six months' imprisonment. See LOST PROPERTY.

In Scotland, theft is distinguished into trifling theft or pickery, which is punishable with fine, imprisonment, or whipping. Simple theft was never a capital offense, unless aggravated, as theft by a trustee, theft of cattle, or of children. The punishment of theft in Scotland is left very much to the discretion of the court.

LARCENY (ante) is the wrongful taking and carrying away by one person of the personal property of another, with a felonious intent to convert such property to his own use against the consent of the owner. By the common law larceny was either compound, i.e., the taking and carrying away with felonious intent of personal property from the person or house of the owner; or, otherwise, simple. Simple larceny was called grand larceny where the value of the stolen property was more than twelve pence; and petit where the value was less. What may be the subject of larceny? Only personal property can be the subject of larceny. For injuries to the realty a remedy must be sought in trespass. Thus, if one enter upon another's premises and sever and carry away growing crops from the soil or fruit from the trees, he is not guilty of larceny, but is chargeable in trespass for goods carried away; but if an interval elapse after the severing and acts of trespass, and he come upon the premises and carry away the property, now detached from the realty, he is guilty of larceny if other necessary elements of the offense, as intent, etc., concur. By the common law undomesticated animals (fere natura) were not the subject of larceny; nor even when domesticated unless their flesh be used for food, so that there was no such right of property in a dog, for instance, as that larceny of him could be committed. The property taken must have some value, however small; but the common law refused to recognize any value or to make assignable evidences of debt or mere rights to the recovery of debt, so that there could be no larceny of account-books, or notes, or mere personal securities of any kind. But it is otherwise by statute law, which has also removed in most of the United States the distinction between different degrees of larceny, wherever such distinction has obtained. What constitutes larceny? The property must be actually taken and carried away; must be in the absolute possession of the thief; the taking and carrying must be against the consent of the owner, and must be accompanied by a simultaneous felonious intent at the time the property is taken. Every larceny includes a trespass, i.e., an unlawful act, with force real or implied, to another's property, so that the intent necessary to constitute that offense really comprehends two separate intents, viz., an intent to commit a trespass upon personal property of another, and an intent to deprive him of his property. As trespass is a necessary part of larceny, and possession on the part of the owner is necessary in order to maintain an action of trespass, there can be no trespass against, and consequently no larceny from, an owner not in possession of the property taken. Thus, a common-carrier does not commit larceny if he steal a bundle which has been intrusted to him, for he and not the owner has the legal possession of the property as a result of his contract with the owner. The carrier having possession of, and a special property in, the goods, cannot commit trespass. But if he tear the bundle open and steal goods contained in it he commits larceny; for by breaking open the bundle he terminates his contract with the owner and loses his right to the possession of the goods, the taking and conversion of which added to his act of trespass, make him guilty of larceny. According to this rule, if a carrier takes the whole bundle he does not commit larceny; it is otherwise, if he break the bundle open and carry off a part of its contents. A servant who is intrusted by his master with the care of goods has no legal possession, and is chargeable with larceny of such goods. A special property with possession, such as that of a bailee makes an ownership sufficient to charge with larceny any person taking and carrying away