through the red goal by one of the reds, the blues win the game; and vice versa. The players must not strike, trip up, or grasp one another; nor must any one lay hold of the crosse of another. One player strikes the ball off an opponent's crosse with his own crosse, and not by any other means. Two players on the same side may fling or carry

the ball consecutively.

It will thus be seen that there is a little of foot-ball, of hockey, and of racket in la crosse. The goals resemble those of foot-ball and hockey; the occasional struggle for the ball is like the "scrimmage" of foot-ball, though not so tough and dangerous; the general mode of play may be compared to hockey; while the battledore claims some resemblance to the racket-bat. There is nevertheless sufficient originality in the game to render it wholly a distinct one. La Crosse clubs have been established at Richmond, Blackheath, Glasgow, and other places in Great Britain.

LACS D'AMOUR, in heraldry, a cord of running knots used as an external decoration to surround the arms of widows and unmarried women, the cordelier, which differs but slightly from it, being used similarly with the shields of married women.

ter.

LACTAN TIUS, in several MSS. designated LUCIUS CŒLIUS, or CÆCILIUS FIRMIANUS LACTANTIUS, an eminent Christian author, who flourished in the early part of the 4th century. He was of Italian descent, and studied at Sicca, in Africa, under the rhetorician Arnobius, and in 301 A.D. settled as a teacher of rhetoric in Nicomedia. He was invited to Gaul by Constantine the great (312-18 A.D.), to act as tutor to his son Crispus, and is supposed to have died at Treves about 325 or 330. Lactantius's principal work is his Divinarum Institutionum, libri vii., a production both of a polemical and apologetic characA supposed tendency to Manicheism in his views and his Chiliasm have marred his reputation for pure orthodoxy. He attacks paganism and defends Christianity. Among his other writings are treatises De Ira Dei and De Mortibus Persecutorum. Some elegies have also been ascribed to him, but erroneously. His style is wonderful, if we consider the late age at which he wrote, and has deservedly earned for him the title of the Christian Cicero. He was, besides, a man of very considerable learning, but as he appears not to have become a Christian till he was advanced in years, his religious opinions are often very crude and singular. Lactantius was a great favorite during the middle ages. The editio princeps of this writer is one of the oldest extant specimens of typography. It was printed at Subiaco in 1465.

LACTEALS, THE, or CHYLIFEROUS VESSELS, are the lymphatic vessels (q.v.) of the small intestine. They were discovered in 1622 by Aselli (q.v.), and received their name from conveying the milk-like product of digestion, the chyle (q.v.), during the digestive process, to the thoracic duct (q.v.), by which it is transmitted to the blood. These vessels commence, as has been shown in the article DIGESTION, in the intestinal villi, and passing between the layers of the mesentery (q. v.), enter the mesenteric glands, and finally unite to form two or three large trunks, which terminate in the thoracic duct.

some.

LACTHO, a province of Farther India, subject to the ruler of Cochin China; bounded s. by Lars, n. and e. by Tungquin, w. by China. It has been but imperfectly explored by Europeans, but is described by the Tungquinese as mountainous, rocky, and covered with jungle, destitute of navigable rivers, with the air pestilential and the water unwholeThe numerous tribes of the interior are savages, governed by hereditary chiefs, and constantly at war with each other. The exports to Tungquin are buffaloes and cotton, and the imports from Tungquin are salt, salt-fish, oil, and silk stuffs for the chiefs. The medium of exchange is cowries. This province is said to contain many remarkable natural caves, which the natives used as temples. One is described as a mile across, through a mountain, and another as being entered under ground in a boat.

LACTIC ACID (CH¿О5,HO), in its pure state is a transparent, colorless, or slightly yellow uncrystallizable, syrupy liquid, of specific gravity 1.215. It is devoid of odor, has a sharp, acid taste, and is soluble in all proportions in water, alcohol, and ether.

The best method of obtaining this acid is by dissolving 8 parts of cane-sugar in about 50 parts of water, and then adding 1 part of decaying cheese and 3 parts of chalk. If this mixture be set aside for two or three weeks at a temperature of about 80°, it becomes filled with a mass of crystals of lactate of lime, which must be purified by recrystallization, and treated with about one-third of their weight of sulphuric acid. The residue must be digested in alcohol, which leaves the sulphate of lime, and dissolves the lactic acid, which may be obtained pure on evaporating the solution. The mode in which the acid is produced in this process is described in the article LACTIC FERMENTATION.

Lactic acid is also formed in many other ways; thus, it is a frequent product of the acidification of vegetable substances, and in this way is formed in sauerkraut, in malt vinegar, and in the acid fermentation that takes place during the manufacture of wheatstarch. It occurs ready formed in certain plants, and is very largely produced in the animal body. It is found either free or combined, or both, in the gastric juice (although rot constantly), in the contents of the small and large intestine, in the chyle (after the use of amylaceous food), in the muscular juice (both of the voluntary and involuntary muscles) in the parenchymatous juices of the spleen, liver, thymus, pancreas, lungs, and brain, and is found as lactate of lime in the urine of the horse. It has been found in certain morbid conditions of the system in the milk, where it is formed from the sugar

by the fermenting action of the cascine; in the blood in leucocythæmia, pyæmia, and puerperal fever; in purulent and other transudations; in the urine when there is disturbance of the digestive and respiratory organs, and in rickets and softening of the bones (and almost always after exposure to the air for some time); in the saliva in diabetes; in the sweat in puerperal fever; and in the scales that form upon the skin in lepra. The lactic acid occurring in the system may be traced to two distinct sources: that which is found in the intestinal canal is merely the product of the decomposition of the starchy matters of the food; but that which exists in the gastric juice (even when only animal food has been taken), in the muscular juice, and in the juices of the various glands. can only be regarded as a product of the regressive metamorphosis or disintegration of the tissues, and how it is formed is not accurately known.

There is no ready test for lactic acid. The best course to pursue is to obtain it, if it is present, as a lactate of lime, which crystallizes in beautiful tufts of acicular prisms, or as a lactate of zinc, which crystallizes in a very characteristic form in crusts consisting of delicate four-sided prisms.

LACTIC FERMENTATION. Although lactose or sugar-of-milk may, under certain conditions, be made to undergo alcoholic fermentation (as in the preparation of kumiss by the Tartars from mares' milk), it generally yields a very different product, viz., lactic acid, as may be seen in the case of milk turning sour in warm weather. The caseine is usually considered to act as the ferment, but being insoluble in acids. it is thrown down in flakes as soon as the milk becomes sour. In this insoluble form, it exerts little action in converting the lactose (C12H12O12) into lactic acid (C ̧οΠ̧.HO); but if the acid be neutralized by carbonate of soda or by chalk, the curd is redissolved, and the transformation of the sugar into lactic acid is renewed. No evolution of gas or absorption of oxygen takes place during the conversion of the sugar into the acid.

Not only sugar-of-milk, but cane sugar, starch, dextrine, and gum pass readily into lactic acid under the influence of cascine or other animal matters undergoing decomposition.

Pasteur considers that a specific ferment, the germs of which exist in the atmosphere, is concerned in the production of the lactic fermentation. During the process recommended in the preceding article for the preparation of lactic acid, a layer of particles of a gray color is observed on the surface of the sediment. This substance, when exam- . ined under the microscope, is seen to consist of little globules or very short articulations, constituting irregular flocculent particles much smaller than those of beer-yeast, and exhibiting a rapid gyratory motion. When washed with a large quantity of water, and then diffused through a solution of sugar, the formation of lactic acid at once commences. Hence it follows that these organic particles, and not the cascine, are the actual agents in the conversion that takes place.

LACTIN AND LACTOSE. See SUGAR-OF-MILK, ante.
LACTOMETER. See GALACTOMETER, ante.

LACTUCA RIUM, or LETTUCE OPIUM, is the inspissated milky juice of several species of lactuca or lettuce, and is obtained by incision of the stem. By drying in the air, the juice loses about half its weight of water, the residue being lactucarium. It usually occurs in commerce in small lumps about the size of a pea or small bean; they are of a reddish-brown color, but are sometimes covered with a grayish efflorescence; and they have a bitter taste and a smell resembling opium. Lactucarium has been frequently analyzed, but chemistry has thrown little light on its composition.

Lactucarium possesses anodyne and sedative properties, and is employed where opium is considered objectionable; as, for instance, when there is morbid excitement of the vascular system; and it is of service in allaying cough in phthisis and other pulmonary diseases. The usual dose is five grains, but it may be safely given in larger doses.

LACU NARS, or LACUNARIS, the panels or coffers of ceilings, and also of the soffits of classic cornices. They are much used in the ceilings of porticoes and similar classic structures, and are frequently ornamented with patera.

LACUS TRIANS AND LACUS'TRINE VILLAGES. See LAKE DWELLINGS.

LA CY, LUIS, 1772–1817; b. San Roque, Spain; one of the earliest leaders in the war of independence against Napoleon, earning for himself the rank of lieut. gen. He was at the head of the conspiracy for the overthrow of absolutism and the restoration of the constitution in 1817; but the plot having been discovered before the day fixed for its execution, he was tried by court-martial and condemned to death. The sentence was secretly pronounced and executed at the castle of Bellver, Majorica.

LADAKH', otherwise known as MIDDLE THIBET, lies between Great Thibet on the e., and Little Thibet on the w., stretching in n. lat. from 32° to 36°, and in e. long. from 76° to 79°. On the s. it is separated from Cashmere by the Himalayas, while on the n. it is divided by the Karakorum mountains from Chinese Turkistan. It contains about 30,000 sq.m., and about 125,000 inhabitants. The country was conquered by Gholab Singh, the ruler of Cashmere, in 1835. It lies chiefly within the basin of the Upper Indus, being little better than a mass of mountains with narrow valleys between them. Notwithstanding its great elevation, which is equally unfavorable to soil and climate, the temperature is sometimes singularly high-a phenomenon attributed partly to the tenu

Ladooa.

ity of the atmosphere, and partly to the absence of moisture. Pretty good crops of wheat, barley, and buckwheat are raised; while the mineral products are sulphur, iron, lead, copper, and gold. The transit trade is extensive, being carried on mostly by mules and sheep. The inhabitants are very peaceful and industrious; they are excellent farmers, and their woolen manufactures are said to be important. The women are fresh and fair, but rather lax in their morals; among the lower classes, polyandry is common. The population is essentially Mongolian, but has intermixed with the Cashmerians. The language is Thibetan, and in the opinion of Klaproth the primitive dialect of the abor ignal people inhabiting the region between Hindustan and Tartary. The religion is Lamaism, a form of Buddhism (q. v.). It is a province of Cashmere, which is under a maharajah, and is a British feudatory. The capital city is Le (q.v.).

LA'DANUM, or LABDANUM. See CISTUS.

LADD, WILLIAM, 1778-1841; b. Exeter, N. H.; graduated at Harvard college in 1797; was for some time a captain in the merchant marine. On leaving this occupation he became a resident of Minot, Me., and devoted himself to the promotion of the cause of peace. He was one of the founders and the first president of the American peace society, and editor of its periodicals, the Friend of Peace and the Harbinger of Peace. He lectured extensively on the evils of war, and published various pamphlets on the same subject, including an Essay on a Congress of Nations. Died at Portsmouth, N. H. LADIES OF THE QUEEN'S HOUSEHOLD consist of the mistress of the robes, the ladies of the bedchamber, the bedchamber women, and the maids of honor.

The office of mistress of the robes is of considerable antiquity. It is her duty to regulate the rotation and times of attendance of the rest of the ladies of the household, who are all subordinate to her. She has the superintendence of all duties connected with the bedchamber-within which the lord chamberlain has no authority-and the custody of the robes. On state occasions, she must see that the ceremony of robing the queen is properly performed. In public ceremonials, she accompanies the queen in the same carriage, or walks immediately before her majesty. The ladies of the bedchamber. who now number eight, with five extra ladies, and the bedchamber women, of whom there are eight, besides one resident and three extra, are personal attendants, ministering to the state of her majesty. The maids of honor, of whom there are eight, are immediate attendants on the royal person, and in rotation perform the duty of accompanying the queen on all occasions. They enjoy by courtesy the title "honorable," when not entitled to it by birth, and are then designated the honorable Miss —” without the Christian name.

LADING, BILL OF. See BILL OF LADING.

LADINO, the name given throughout Central America, and especially in Nicaragua and Guatemala, to the half-breed descendants of whites and Indians. In this intermixture the white element has usually been represented by the father, there being few white women in the country. The ladinos are generally of a yellowish orange tinge, the European element usually predominating in the males, the Indian characteristics in the females, who, notwithstanding, are said to be the handsomest women in Central America. As a class the ladinos are averse to all manual labor, and desirous of being ranked with the whites. Their equivocal social position tends to make them restless and turbulent, and to them largely may be attributed the civil wars which have marked the history of the Central American republics.

LADISLAS, VLADISLAS, VLADISLAF, ULADISLAS, different forms of a name frequently occurring in the histories of Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Servia.-VLADISLAS I. of Poland, surnamed Lokietek (the short)-one of those princes who appear to be raised up during a period of intestine confusion and disorganization, for the purpose of showing how powerful is the influence of one great mind-was ruler of the small province of Cracow, at a time when Poland was subdivided into countless small independencies. Vladislas united them in 1319; and the further to increase the stability of the government, he reduced the privileges of the higher nobles, removed the council of prelates and magnates, replacing it by a popular assembly; he greatly improved the administration of justice, and furthered commerce and industry.-VLADISLAS II. and VLADISLAS III. See JAGELLONS.-VLADISLAS IV. (1632-48), while yet a youth, was elected czar of Russia in 1610, but was prevented by his father, Sigismund, from accepting the crown. He was a wise and politic prince, yet it was under his reign that Sweden. Russia, and Turkey commenced to nibble at the outlying provinces. He strove manfully to remedy the peculiar defects of the Polish constitution, but they were too deeply rooted; and though he sought to end the oppression of the dissidents, and took the part of the Cossacks against those nobles who had deprived them of their rights, so weak was the royal authority that his support availed them nothing. The Cossacks, maddened by deprivation of their liberties, the imposition of new taxes, and the persecuting zeal of the Roman Catholic clergy, rose in rebellion, annihilated the Polish army, and put themselves under the rule of Russia. At this critical moment, Vladislas died.

LA DISLAS, or LADISLAUS, the name of seven kings of Hungary.—LADISLAS I.. THE SAINT, about 1041-95; succeeded his brother, Geysa I., in 1075. He was distinguished for his victories in war, for his efforts to promote commerce, for projecting the delivery

Ladoga.

of the Holy Land from the Moslems, and for building many churches and monasteries; canonized by pope Celestine III. in 1192.--LADISLAS II., about 1134-62; crowned 1161. -LADISLAS II, about 1185-1205; elected to succeed his father, Emerich, but died.— LADISLAS IV., surnamed THE CUMAN, about 1250-90; succeeded his father, Stephen IV., in 1272. He at first made war upon the Cumans and defeated them; but the latter, reinforced by hordes of Tartars, afterwards overran and ravaged all Hungary. He then made terms with them, adopted some of their customs, and put away his wife to marry one of their princesses. He was finally assassinated by them.-LADISLAS V., 1424-44; succeeded his father, Ladislas II., as king of Poland in 1434, and was elected king of Hungary in 1440. He defeated the invading Turks in two great battles in 1442-43: made a ten years' truce with the sultan Amurath II., thus acquiring the sovereignty of Wallachia, but obtained a papal dispensation releasing him from his oath, invaded Bulgaria, and was defeated and killed in battle at Varna.-LADISLAS VI., THE POSTHUMOUS, son of Albert of Austria, 1440-57; b. several months after his father's death, when Ladislas V. was already upon the throne; was elected king in 1445, was crowned king of Bohemia Oct. 28, 1453, aud d. at Prague. He was cruel in his character, and persecuted the followers of John Huss.-LADISLAS VII., about 1456-1516; eldest son of Casimir IV. of Poland; was crowned king of Bohemia at Prague, Aug. 16, 1471; entered Hungary with an army in 1490, and was crowned king Sept. 21 of that year. He died at Buda.

LA'DISLAS, or LANCELOT, King of Naples, surnamed "the liberal" and "the victorious," about 1335-1411; succeeded his father, Charles III., under the regency of his mother, in 1386, but was driven from Naples in 1387 by his competitor, Louis II. of Anjous, who was invested with the crown by authority of pope Clement VII. He was reinstated in the same year by Otto of Brunswick, and in 1388 repulsed two invasions made by pope Urban VI. He was crowned at Gacta in 1390 by a legate of the new pope, Boniface IX. The capital was at this time in possession of his rival, Louis II., and was not recovered until 1399, after a long and bloody contest. He was crowned king of Hungary in 1403, but soon relinquished his pretensions to that crown. In 1405 he made an unsuccessful attempt to seize Rome, in consequence of which he was excommunicated and deprived of his kingdom by the pope. In 1413 he surprised, captured, and plundered the city, and in the following year died at Naples. He conceived the project of the unity of Italy, which waited more than four centuries for its realization.

LADMIRAULT, LOUIS RENÉ PAUL DE, b. France, 1809; rose rapidly by service in Africa; was general of division at Solferino, where he was wounded; senator in 1866; and commander of the 4th army corps ordered to defend the lines between Metz and Thionville in the war with Germany in 1870. After the defeat of MacMahon's division he retired his corps into Bazaine's command, and was surrendered with Metz, Oct. 27, 1870. After the peace in Mar., 1871, on the breaking out of the civil war between the national assembly at Versailles and the commune of Paris, Ladmirault was made commander of the troops charged to take Paris. On May 22 he forced an entrance by the porte St. Ouen, the following day gained possession of the heights of Montmartre, and thence, with obstinate fighting on both sides, took possession of the city part by part. July 1, 1871, he was made military governor of Paris, and in the organization of the military service to insure the peace of Paris he used his discretionary power to suppress Journals, interdict plays at theaters, etc., in such a way as to suggest to the republican papers that they were unduly honored by his disapproval.

LADO'GA (STARAÏA, or OLD LADOGA), an ancient Russian t.. in the government of St. Petersburg, on the left bank of the river Wolkhof. It was the residence (862) of Rurik, the founder of the Russian monarchy, and the walls of a fortress erected by him, and a church of the 11th c., still mark its site. Previously to the accession of Peter I., old Ladoga was an important strategic point for the defense of Novgorod. Peter I. built the town of Novo, or New Ladoga, near the entrance of the Wolkhof into lake Ladega, and now on the site of the old town of Rurik stards the small village of Ouspenskoe.

LADOGA, LAKE, the largest lake of Europe, is situated in the n. w. of Russia, between Finland and the governments of Olonetz and Petersburg. It is 120 m. in length, 70 m. in breadth, and 6,804 sq.m. in area. It receives the waters of lake Onega, lake Saim, and lake Ilmen, and its own waters are carried off to the gulf of Finland by the Neva (q.v.). The depth of lake Ladoga varies from 12 to 1200 ft., and the navigation is exceedingly dangerous, owing to the shallows, sand-banks, and sunken rocks in which it abounds, and to the gusty winds which are created by its steep and rocky banks. Of the several islands of the lake, the principal are the Valaam and Konevetz, with monasteries, which attract numbers of pilgrims. Of the 70 rivers which fall into lake Ladoga, the principal are the Wolkhof, the Sias, and the Svir, each of which is a means of communication between the Neva and the Volga. In order to obviate the difficulty of navigation, canals have been constructed along its s. and s.e. shores, the principal being the Ladoga canal (70 ft. wide), which unites the mouth of the Wolkhof with the Neva. Other two canals unite the mouths of the Sias and Svir with the Ladoga canal. This canalsystem forms the thoroughfare for a very extensive traffic between the Volga and the

Baltic. Communication by water subsists between lake Ladoga and the White sea as well as the Caspian.

LADRO NES, or MARIANNE ISLANDS, a group of about 20 islands, the northmost Australasian group, in lat. 18 to 20° n., and long. 1454° to 147° east. They are disposed in a row almost due n. and south. Their united area is 1254 sq. miles. They were discovered by Magellan (in 1521), who gave them the name which they still bear, from the thievish propensity displayed by the natives. They were afterwards called the Lazarus islands; and the Jesuit missionaries, who settled here in 1667, called them the Mariana islands. They are mountainous, well watered and wooded (among the trees are the breadfruit, the banana, the cocoa-nut), fruitful in rice, maize, cotton, and indigo. European domestic animals are now very common. At the time when they were discovered, the population was reckoned at 100,000, but the present population is only about 5,500. The inhabitants, who are docile, religious, kind, and hospitable, resemble in physiognomy those of the Philippine islands. The islands are very important to the Spaniards, in a commercial point of view. The largest island is Guajan, 90 m. in circumference; on it is the capital, San Ignacio de Agaña, the seat of the Spanish governor.

LADY, a woman of distinction correlatively to lord (q. v.), used in a more extensive sense in common parlance correlatively to gentleman. As a title, it belongs to peeresses, the wives of peers and of peers by courtesy, the word lady being in all these cases prefixed to the peerage title. The daughters of dukes, marquises, and earls are by courtesy designated by the title lady prefixed to their Christian name and surname; a title not lost by marriage with a commoner, when the lady only substitutes her husband's surname for her own, and retains her precedence. But a peer's daughter marrying a peer can no longer be designated by her Christian name with lady; she must take her husband's rank and title, even should a loss of precedence be the result, as when the daughter of a duke marries an earl, viscount, or baron. Should her husband, however, be merely a courtesy peer, she may retain her designation by Christian name with lady prefixed, substituting her husband's courtesy title for her surname; this title and precedence being again dropped on her husband's succession to the peerage by his father's death. The daughterin-law of a duke, marquis, or earl is generally designated by the title lady prefixed to the Christian name and surname of her husband; but if she be the daughter of a peer of a higher rank than her father-in-law, she may, if she pleases, be designated by lady prefixed to her own Christian name and her husband's surname, and in that case she retains the precedence which she had when unmarried. The wife of a baronet or knight is generally designated by lady prefixed to her husband's surname; the proper legal designation, however, being dame, followed by her Christian name and surname.

LADYBIRD, Coccinella, a genus of coleop'erous insects. of the section trimera, containing a great number of species very similar to each other. They are very pretty little beetles, well known to every one, generally of a brilliant red or yellow color, with black, red, white, or yellow spots, the number and distribution of which is one of the characteristic marks of the different species. The form is nearly hemispherical, the undersurface being very flat, the thorax and head small, the antennæ are short, and terminate in a triangular club; the legs are short. When handled, these insects emit from their joints a yellowish fluid, having a disagreeable smell. They and their larvæ feed chiefly on aphides, in devouring which they are very useful to hop-growers and other agricul turists. They deposit their eggs under the leaves of plants, on which the larvæ are to find their food, and the larvæ run about in pursuit of aphides. Ladybirds are sometimes to be seen in immense numbers, which, from ignorance of their usefulness, have sometimes been regarded with a kind of superstitious dread. Several species are abundant in Britain, and the largest of these (C. septem punctata) is found over all Europe, and in parts of Asia and Africa The name ladybird is perhaps a corruption of ladybug (lady, i.e., the virgin Mary). The German name is marienkäfer.

LADY CHAPEL, a chapel dedicated to the virgin Mary ("our lady"), and usually, but not always, placed eastwards from the altar when attached to cathedrals. Henry VII.'s chapel at Westminster is the lady chapel of that cathedral.

LADY-DAY, one of the regular quarter-days in England and Ireland on which rent is generally made payable. It is Mar. 25 in each year.

LADY FERN, Athyrium filix jœmina, or asplenium filix fœmina, a beautiful fern common in moist woods in Britain, with bipinnate fronds sometimes 2 ft. long. The whole plant has an extremely graceful appearance. It is said to possess the same anthelmintic properties as the male fern.

LADY HUNTINGDON'S CONNECTION, OF CALVINISTIC METHODISTS. HUNTINGDON, SELINA, COUNTESS OF.

Sce

LADY OF MERCY, OUR, a Spanish order of knighthood, founded in 1218, by James I. of Aragon, in fulfillment of a vow made to the Virgin during his captivity in France. The object for which the order was instituted was the redemption of Christian captives from among the Moors, each knight at his inauguration vowing that, if necessary for their ransom, he would remain himself a captive in their stead. Within the first six years of the existence of the order, no fewer than 400 captives are said to have been ran30med by its means. On the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, the labors of the