KYTHUL, or KAITHAL, a t. in the Delhi division of the Punjab, about 1000 m. to the n.w. of Calcutta. In 1868 the pop. was 14,940. It is substantially built of brick, having a lofty palace, which looks down from a beautiful grove on a spacious sheet of water. It was only in 1843 that the territory fell to the English East India company, having lapsed through the failure of heirs. It then comprised more than 500 villages, with a revenue of £44,000.

L

L

THE twelfth letter of our alphabet, was called Lamed, i.e., "ox-goad," by the Hebrews, doubtless from its resemblance to that implement-a resemblance still traceable in the Phenician. L belongs to the order of consonants called liquids, and has the closest affinity to R. In some languages there is only one sign for both, as in Pehlwi; and in others, the one or the other sound is altogether wanting. Hence, the numerous substitutions of the one sound for the other in the Aryan languages. Thus, Eng. plum, Ger. pflaume, from Lat. prunus; Eng! pilgrim, Lat. peregrinus; Gr. or Lat.. epistola, Fr. épitre; the Swiss peasants pronounce Kirche, Kilche; and the Lat. termination alis becomes, after , aris-as, materi-alis, famili-aris. L is also interchangeable with n-as, Gr. pneumon, Lat. pulmo; and, rather strangely, with D (q.v.). In certain combinations, the of Latin words has become i in Italian-as, planus, piano; Florentia, Firenze. In Eng. is often mute, as in calm, yolk, should. In the Scottish dialect, it is mostly mute in the end of words-as, fa', fu', a', for fall, full, all. Similar to this is the frequent melting of l into u in modern French-thus, à le has become au; chevals, chevaux.

LA. See SOLMIZATION.

LAA LAND, or LOLLAND (i.e., low land), a Danish island in the Baltic, at the southern entrance to the Great Belt. Area, 452 sq.m.; pop., with Falster, '70, 90,706. The surface is remarkably flat, and the soil exceedingly fruitful. Forests of beech and oak cover upwards of 50 sq. miles. The chief town is Nakskov, with a pop., '70, of 4,033, a good harbor, and considerable trade. At Aatholm, near the Nysted Fiord, there is the largest, and, in exotic plants, the richest, private garden in Denmark.

LABADIE, JEAN DE, 1610-74; b. Bourg-en-Guienne; educated in the Jesuits' college at Bordeaux, he entered their order and distinguished himself as a preacher. He exposed the abuses in the Roman church and urged reform; but finding no encouragement in his order, he left it and joined the Fathers of the Oratory in 1639, and soon after the Jansenists. In 1640, appointed canon of Amiens, he introduced reforms, holding meetings for the reading of the Bible, and administering the Lord's supper in both kinds to the people. Persecuted by the Jesuits, he became in 1650 a Protestant, and was for eight years pastor of the church at Montauban. In 1657 he was pastor in Orange, and in 1659 in Geneva. Here he exerted himself with great zeal to restore apostolic religion, and by his earnestness, sanctity, and austerity gained many followers. In 1666 he became pastor of a Walloon church in Middleburg, Holland; but still persecuted by his enemies, he left it, and went in 1669 to Amsterdam, where his followers soon formed a distinct sect called Labadists. It included many of rank and education, among whom were two ladies, the learned Anna Marie von Schurmann, and the authoress, Antoinette Bourignon. Expelled from the country as a separatist he went in 1670 to Erfurt, where he was protected by the princess Elizabeth who, through the influence of Anna Marie von Schurmann, became a disciple. Driven from this place in 1674, he went to Bremen and then to Altona, where he died. He left numerous works. The Labadists did not differ entirely from the Reformed church, but adhered to its doctrinal symbols. They were a sect of mystics who sought reform of life rather than of doctrine. They supported themselves by manual labor; and, after the example of the primitive church, held property in common; laid great stress on the internal light as indispensable for the understanding of the Bible; rejected infant baptism and the observance of holy days. They have been charged with immorality by some Roman Catholic writers, but without reason. They honored the institution of marriage. After Labadie's death his followers settled at Wiewert, but made few converts, and in the beginning of the 18th c. the sect became extinct. A few of them came to the United States and settled on the Hudson, but gained no permanence as a sect.

LABAGH, PETER, D.D., 1773-1858; b. N. Y.; descended from French and Holland ancestry, received a classical education under the direction of Dr. Peter Wilson of Hackensack, N. J., afterwards professor of Greek and Latin in Columbia college. In 1796, having studied theology with John H. Livingston, D.D.,-who had studied at Utrecht, Holland, and was afterwards president of Rutger's college, New Brunswick, N. J., and was considered the father of the Reformed Dutch church in America, -he continued his studies with prof. Froeligh of the same denomination. Subsequently he went as a licensed missionary to the western part of New York state, and from thence to Mercer co., Ky., where he established a church. Soon after, on returning to his

Labdanum.

native state, he was installed as pastor of a church in Greenbush, near Albany, remaining there until 1809, when he was given the charge of the church in Harlingen, which he held 35 years. He was distinguished for the soundness, accuracy, and acuteness of his judgment, and the celerity with which his mind arrived at sound conclusions; also for a cheerful and happy disposition, rendered sweet by the pure spirit of habitual piety that pervaded his daily life. He was prominent in all the conventions of his denomination, carrying conviction to the mind of his hearer in controversial argument, as well as in seasons of religious interest; the revival of 1831 especially sustaining the popular estimate of his powers as a convincing expounder of the Word. He was successful in raising funds for the endowment of the theological seminary of the Reformed Dutch church, at New Brunswick, N. J. In 1860 a memoir of him by John A. Todd was published.

LABARRAQUE'S SOLUTION, or LABARRAQUE'S DISINFECTING LIQUID, or SOLUTION OF CHLORINATED SODA, a disinfecting liquid first brought into notice by Labarraque, a Paris apothecary. It is prepared by mixing solutions of chlorinated lime, commonly called chloride of lime, and of carbonate of soda (sal soda). Twelve ounces of chloride of lime, 24 of sal soda, and 24 pints of water are the proportions used. The sal soda is dissolved in 3 pints of water, and the chloride of lime is triturated in a mortar with a portion of the water, a little being added from time to time, until the mixture is homogeneous. The remainder of the water is then added to this mixture, which is set aside for 24 hours. The upper portion will be clear; this is to be decanted off, and the residue passed through a muslin strainer until with the decanted portion there are 8 pints. This quantity is then thoroughly mingled with the solution of sal soda, and passed through a muslin strainer. and, if necessary, water added sufficient to make 114 pints of liquid, which is to be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. Its specific gravity should be 1.045. It has been recomme: d'd to use bicarbonate of soda instead of common carbonate, or sal soda, because the precipitate of carbonate of lime is rendered thereby more crystalline, and therefore more readily precipitated, rendering the filtration more easy. It is also advised to have the bicarbonate of soda somewhat in excess. Labarraque's solution is a transparent liquid of a greenish yellow color, having a sharp, bitterish taste and an alkaline reaction. If lime-water be added a precipitate of carbonate of lime will be produced. It is a powerful disinfectant and bleaching agent, rapidly destroying the color of sulphate of indigo. There has been a good deal of discussion in regard to the precise constitution of this liquid, but it is generally regarded as a mixture of hypochlorite of soda, chloride of sodium, and bicarbonate of soda (using the more common names). According to Millon, the solution contains oxychloride of sodium NaCl,O. Its use in medicine is as a gargle in putrid sore-throat (or diphtheria, q.v.) and in certain cases of scarlet fever, and also as a dressing or wash to gangrenous wounds. In such cases it must be diluted. It is also sprinkled over the floors of sick rooms or hospital wards, or exposed in shallow vessels. It is sometimes administered internally in zymotic diseases, in doses of from 20 to 30 drops, diluted in half a tumbler of water. It is a convenient and agreeable form of chlorine for the housekeeper in bleaching small articles, such as handkerchiefs, which may be readily bleached by adding half a teacupful of the solution to 4 or 5 quarts of water in an earthen wash-bowl, immersing the articles, and exposing them in immersion for a short time to the sunlight or at an open window, stirring from time to time, and afterwards thoroughly and repeatedly rinsing them in clear water.

LA BARUM (derivation uncertain), the famous standard of the Roman emperor Constantine, designed to commemorate the miraculous vision of the cross in the sky, which is said to have appeared to him on his way to attack Maxentius, and to have been the moving cause of his conversion to Christianity. It was a long pipe or lance, with a short transverse bar of wood attached near its extremity, so as to form something like a cross. On the point of the lance was a golden crown sparkling with gems, and in its center the mysterious monogram of the cross and the initial letters of the name of Christ, with the occasional addition of the Greek letters A and . From the cross-beam depended a square purple banner, decorated with precious stones, and surrounded by a rich border of gold embroidery. The cross was substituted for the eagle, formerly depicted on the Roman standards, and there were sometimes other emblems of the Savior. Between the crown and the cross were heads of the emperor and his family, and sometimes a figure of Christ woven in gold.

LABAT, JEAN BAPTISTE, 1663-1738; b. Paris; entered the order of the Dominicans in 1685; was appointed professor of mathematics and philosophy at Nancy in 1687; went in 1693 as a missionary, first to Martinique, then to Guadaloupe, where he remained till 1705, distinguishing himself as an engineer and agriculturist. On returning to Martinique he was appointed procureur général of the mission, and by successive governors highly esteemed for his scientific and diplomatic labors. He founded in 1703 the city of Basse-Terre, and took an active part in defending the island of Guadaloupe against the English. He organized a company of 60 negroes, who, it is reported, distinguished themselves by their efficiency and bravery. He returned to Europe in 1705, to obtain recruits for his order, but was detained by his superiors at Rome until 1709, and at Cività Vecchia till 1716. The remainder of his life was passed at Paris, where he died. LAB'DANUM. See CISTUS, ante.

Labor.

LA BÉDOLLIER'E, ÉMILE GIGAULT DE, b. France 1814. While pursuing his primary legal studies he published a satirical poem entitled Eloge du Gouvernement, for which the government prosecuted him. The young poet defended himself before the court with wit and tact, and was acquitted. Deciding to live by his pen he set to serious work, and composed an essay on the life of Lafayette. It attacked the party of conciliation which Lafayette represented. The young men of that time (the early years of the reign of Louis Philippe) were addicted to wit at the expense of all opinions not thoroughly partisan on one side or the other; and young Bédollière's work was applauded by the radical republicans. He then launched into political journalism as editor of the Coin de feu, and contributed to a great number of journals and reviews. He became imbued with the doctrines of St. Simon, and his associations led him to more philosophical views. In 1849 he became and has remained one of the editors of the Siècle, in which his work was little relished by the clerical party and proportionally popular with other readers. His literary fecundity is extraordinary. Essays, editorials on the passing political situations, poems, romances, and translations in various languages, follow each other in quick succession. Among the great number of his works may be mentioned Soirées d'Hiver, 1838; Beautés des Victoires et des Conquêtes de Français à 1792 à 1815, 1839; Les Industriels, 1845; Histoire de la Garde Nationale, 1848; and Nouvelle Moral en Action, which has been commended by the Catholic episcopacy and used in some of their seminaries. His translations embrace some of the novels of Fenimore Cooper, Walter Scott, Capt. Marryat, Mayne Reid, and Dickens. His latest important work is entitled Maurs et Vie privée des Français, in three large volumes. But it is for his tact, variety, and incisive style as editor of the Sicle that Bédollière is best known. He seems in his declining years to be among the French what Oliver Wendell Holmes is to the Americans-loved, admired, and respected, for a genius both sunny and solid.

LABEDOYERE, CHARLES ANGElique Huchet, Count de, a victim of the reaction of 1815 in France, was descended from an ancient family in Bretagne, and was b. in Paris on April 17, 1786. He early entered the army; was adjutant to marshal Lannes in Spain in 1908, and received a severe wound at Tudela; joined the army in Germany after his recovery; distinguished himself at the capture of Ratisbon, and was Murat's adjutant at the battle of Esslingen. On the evening before the battle of Lützen, Napoleon promoted him to the command of a regiment of infantry. Returning to France again severely wounded, in the autumn of 1813, he married a lady of a family very much attached to the Bourbons; and receiving the command of a regiment, was posted near Vizelle when Napoleon returned from Elba. He immediately joined him, and was made a lieut. gen. and peer of France. He fought with great gallantry at Waterloo; and after the battle hastened to Paris, when he spoke with great violence against the Bourbons in the stormy sitting of the chamber of peers, on June 22, 1815. After the capitulation, he thought to have escaped to America, but was taken prisoner, condemned to death, and notwithstanding every effort that could be made on his behalf, shot on Aug. 19, 1815. He was a man of a chivalrous character, and devotedly attached te the emperor.

LABEL. See DRIPSTONE.

LABEL (Fr. lambeau, a strip or shred), the ribbon pendent at the sides of a mitre or coronet.

LABEL, LAMBEL, or FILE, in heraldry, the mark of cadency which distinguishes the eldest son in his father's lifetime, familiar to us from its entering into the composition of the arms of the prince of Wales and other members of the royal family. It consists of a horizontal stripe or fillet, with three points depending from it. When the mark of cadency itself is designated a file, its points are called labels. It is said that the eldest son's eldest son should wear a label of five points in his grandfather's lifetime, and, similarly, the great-grandson a label of seven points, two points being added for cach generation. The label extended originally quite across the shield, and sometimes occupied the upper, though now it is always placed in the lower part of the chief: the points, at first rectangular, assumed in later times the form called pattée, dovetailed, or wedge-shaped; and more recently, the label ceased to be connected with the edges of the shield. Edward I., in his father's lifetime, bore the arms of England within a label not of three, but of five points azure, joined to the head of the shield, and interlaced with the tail of the uppermost lion; Edward II., when prince of Wales, used indifferently the label of three or of five points, as also did Edward III.; but from the time of the Black Prince downwards, the eldest son of the king of England has invariably differenced his arms with a label of three points argent, and the practice has been for the younger sons also to bear labels, which are sometimes of other colors and more points, and differenced by being charged with fleurs-de-lis, castles, torteaux, hearts, crosses, etc., as directed by the sovereign by sign-manual registered in the college of arms. The practice of differencing by the label which is thus in viridi observantia in our own and other royal families, is less used by subjects. Like other marks of cadency, labels are sometimes borne as permanent distinctions by a particular branch of a family.

LABEL, a term which signifies at once an inscription identifying or defining the article to which it is affixed, and the medium which bears or conveys the same. Thus,

a label may not necessarily bear any inscription, and still sustain one definition of the term. Labels are employed for identification, and also to signify the destination of packages to be transported from one place to another; as book-labels, to assist in catafoguing libraries in the one instance, and express-labels in the other. The etymology of the word exhibits its derivation from the Latin labellum, a diminutive, signifying "a little lip," and referring, in this use of it, to the "tag," or slip of parchment by which leaden seals were attached to documents, in ancient times. In law, the term label has a specific significance gained from its connection with proprietary rights; for which see TRADE MARKS.

LABETTE, & co. in the s.e. part of Kansas, bordering on the Indian territory; drained partly by the Neosho, partly by the Labette, and partly by affluents of the Verdigris; 649 sq.m.; pop. '80, 22,736. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, cattle, and hay are the staple products. Deposits of coal and limestone exist in some localities. The county is intersected by the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad, and the Neosho Valley division of that road terminates in it. Valuation of real and personal property, $4,110,515. Capital, Oswego.

LABIS, a Greek word meaning "a spoon." An implement employed in the Greek church in the administration of the elements in the Lord's supper; the bread being mingled with the wine, and both administered together.

LABIATE (Lamiacea of Lindley), a natural order of exogenous plants, containing almost 2,500 known species, mostly natives of temperate climates. They are herbaceous, or more rarely half-shrubby, and have 4-cornered stems and opposite branches; and opposite leaves, without stipules, abounding in receptacles of volatile oil. The flowers are often in cymes or heads, or in whorls; sometimes solitary. The calyx is inferior, with 5 or 10 teeth, or 2-lipped. The corolla is hypogynous, 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed. The stamens are four, two long and two short, or by abortion only two, inserted · into the corolla. The ovary is deeply 4-lobed, seated in a fleshy disk, each lobe containing a single ovule; there is a single style with a bifid stigma. The fruit consists of 1 to 4 achenia, inclosed within the persistent calyx.-A general characteristic of this order is an aromatic fragrance, which in many species is very agreeable, and makes them favorites in our gardens. Some are weeds with an unpleasant odor. Many are natives of Britain. Some are used in medicine, and others in cookery for flavoring. Mint, marjoram, rosemary, lavender, sage, basil, savory, thyme, horehound, balm, patchouli, germander, and dead nettle, are examples of this order.

LABI ENUS, TITUS, B. C. 98-45; was tribune in 63 when Cicero was consul; lieutenant of Cæsar in the Gallic war, and afterwards prætor. Ia 54 B.C. he twice defeated the Treveri, and in 52 distinguished himself in the campaign against Vercingetorix. When the civil war broke out he sided with Pompey, and treated with cruelty Cæsar's soldiers who fell into his hands at Dyrrhachium. After the defeat at Pharsalia he went to Africa, and thence, after the defeat at Thapsus, to Spain, where he fought against Cæsar at Munda, where in a panic his troops were routed and he fell.

LABILLARDIÈRE, JACQUES JULIEN HOUTON DE, 1755-1834. He became famous for his researches in botany, natural history, geology, zoology, and anthropology at a time when all these studies were in their infancy. Among his valued works is: The Relation of the Voyage in Search of La Perouse in the Arctic Sea north of Asia and Europe. Commander of a scientific expedition sent out by France in 1785 to discover a northwest passage, and never heard of after it entered that fatal sea. This report of Billardière contained a great mass of facts in natural history. The Flora of New Holland and New Caledonia was the fruit of another voyage, and a work of the highest value in its day.

LABLACHE, LUIGI, a celebrated operatic singer, was b. in Naples in 1795, whither his father and mother, who were French, had fled from Paris during the horrors of the revolution. His first engagement as a singer was at the San Carlino theater at Naples, in 1812; he afterwards sang, with much success, in La Scala, Milan, and in Vienna; singing also at the San Carlo, at Naples, during the intervals of the Vienna season. On his first appearance in London in 1830, he created a great public sensation; and for a number of years he resided alternately in the French and English capitals, singing both in the Paris and London seasons. He died at Naples in 1858. His voice, a deep bass, has hardly ever been equaled either in volume or quality; and his acting, particularly in the characters of "Figaro" and "Leporello," was almost as remarkable as his singing. He was the author of a treatise on singing, published in 1843; and he long gave instructions in singing to queen Victoria.

LABOR, in political economy, a term so dependent for its meaning on the circumstances in which it is used, that any scientific definition of it would lead to misunderstanding. The best service, in fact, towards rendering it intelligible, is to clear away some attempts that have been made to subject it to scientific analysis and definition. It has been separated into productive and unproductive, but no such division can be fixed. A turner who puts a piece of wood on his lathe and makes a top is of course a productive laborer. The same quality cannot be denied to the man who beams a web for the loom; but if he shares in the production of the cloth, so does the overscer who walks about and adjusts the industrial arrangements of the manufactory.

Laboratory.

Having included him, we cannot well say that the policeman, who keeps order in the district, and enables its manufactures to go on, should be excluded. Again, the man who contributes to make a book, of course appears as a productive laborer; but what the author contributes is not matter, but intellect, and it would be difficult to maintain that he ceases to be productive if he deliver such matter in an oration or a sermon. We can hardly count the distiller, who makes a glass of whisky, a productive laborer, and exclude the musician, who produces another and less dangerous excitement. It is equally impossible to draw the line between bodily and intellectual labor, since there is scarcely a work to which man can put his hand which does not require some amount of thought. A distinction between capital and labor has often been attempted to be established, with very fallacious and dangerous results. Capital in active operation infers that its owner labors. If the capital is not labored the owner must be content to let it lie at ordinary interest. If he want profit from it, he must labor, and often severely. In a large manufactory, where the proprietor is supposed to be a gentleman at large, drawing his fortune from the sweat of the brow of his fellow-men, he is often the most anxious and the hardest-worked man in the whole establishment.

LABOR (ante). It is undoubtedly correct to divide human labor into two kinds, mental and physical; and to concede that without the one there could hardly be the other. It is only among the most laborious and industrious races that we find the most comprehensive and productive mental effort. That is, where the physical labor is the most varied and inventive. The Esquimaux are perhaps the most severely tasked by the necessity for arduous physical effort, of any race; and they are doubtless among the lowest in the order of mental accomplishment; but these facts do not disturb the proposition, since the labor of the Esquimaux extends but in one direction-the protection and perpetuation of life. So far as the history of man has been traced, there has been found no condition of existence unaccompanied by labor, both physical and mental, the latter, certainly, in the earlier periods, devoted simply to the direction of the former towards the only absolute necessity, the sustenance of life. This brings us by way of a circle to our beginning, that mental labor must precede physical labor, while it can only increase and extend with the increase and extension of the latter. Which is to say that while a mental impression of the condition of hunger, and mental inquiry as to the existing means for allaying it, must precede the physical effort to procure such meansmental effort will not proceed beyond this point, except correlatively with the progress and extension of physical labor. It should then be borne in mind that in considering one kind of labor we are including the other, so intimate is the relation between them; and that the ratio of mental activity is in proportion to the multiplication of the varieties of physical labor. Such knowledge as we possess of prehistoric races has been derived from existing results of their labor, naturally of the most primitive character, roughhewn implements and weapons of stone giving that period of human existence the distinctive title of the stone age." This period was followed by the neolithic or new stone age, in which these implements and weapons were more highly finished and polished, and better adapted to their purpose. After this came the discovery of the metals and what is termed the “bronze" age, since which time there has appeared to be no possible limit to the extension of human labor, or to its resources in ways and means. implements multiplied, wants increased, and the history of the human race is in fact a record of the wants of man and his devices for supplying them. One such device made its appearance very early in history, that of a division of labor, by which one individual became the fisherman, another the hunter, and a third the tailor of a settlement or group -such groups having originated in the instinct of self-preservation by numbers, and in the law of the value of numbers as a factor in labor. On this principle, too, originated the soldier, or guard, whose duty it was to watch while others worked; and the messenger, or carrier, inefficient to originate, but useful to carry out the designs of those better qualified. The exercise of labor, and particularly after this had become comparatively skillful, involved the accumulation of wealth-in stores of food, arms, clothing, or building material, which in turn aroused the sentiment of cupidity in contiguous groups of men; and this being carried to the extent of a forcible attempt at possession, resistance followed, and war, with its attendant elements of killed, wounded, and prisoners, ensued. The accumulation of prisoners must soon have become an irksome product of success, and primitive ingenuity cast about for relief from this very positive and threatening burden; and it could not have been long before the idea of the enforced labor of prisoners dawned on the minds of the conquerors in battle. From this idea, in part at least, arose the institution of slavery.

As

The tendency to organize, out of which springs all system, found expression in slavery from its very beginning. The earliest records and the most ancient inscriptions and mural paintings tell of slave-gangs and task-masters, and at length of the classifi cation of slaves by their duties. This was at once a simplification of labor by co-ordination of its processes; and a necessity to the existence. of the slave-holders themselves, since the prevalence of a condition of war produced slaves in such numbers that they could not possibly have been controlled without rigid system and discipline. The time and place of the origin of slavery are unknown. Nearly all the ancient races practiced